tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-87121635832836754162024-02-07T18:02:04.107-08:00William B. Blanchard, Attorney at LawMr. William Blanchard (“Bill Blanchard”) is a solo practice attorney with offices in St. Charles and Oakbrook Terrace, Illinois. Bill specializes in representing real estate clients for purchases and sales as well as home owner real estate tax assessment appeals.William B. Blanchardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02534739678331560264noreply@blogger.comBlogger32125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8712163583283675416.post-40612566203267888992018-09-24T05:19:00.000-07:002018-09-24T05:24:01.623-07:00Real Estate Lawyer William Blanchard publishes first article in a series, on real-estate related jurisdiction clauses<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhi0tHIPO0NrQHWX9lKQTcz4UMSl0Ybd13ov2m03ZL7J2VduV4EGvSC3u4shy7Qa7TzYeIhpJW_mIQmaibMDqVksyoOg-vVQ15PxAktD4katQ82dSziy3x-Ych_ncSOq_JwRaSTUvPXtD0/s1600/Attorney+Profile+of+William+B+Blanchard.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="644" data-original-width="1334" height="154" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhi0tHIPO0NrQHWX9lKQTcz4UMSl0Ybd13ov2m03ZL7J2VduV4EGvSC3u4shy7Qa7TzYeIhpJW_mIQmaibMDqVksyoOg-vVQ15PxAktD4katQ82dSziy3x-Ych_ncSOq_JwRaSTUvPXtD0/s320/Attorney+Profile+of+William+B+Blanchard.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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<div class="MsoPlainText">
<b><span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Real Estate Lawyer William
Blanchard publishes first article in a series, on real-estate related
jurisdiction clauses</span></b></div>
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<div class="MsoPlainText">
<i><span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Attorney William B.
Blanchard reviews the case of UBS AG v. HSH Nordbank AG, involving jurisdiction
clauses in complex contract litigation</span></i></div>
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<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">In the first article of
his instructional series of articles, Real Estate Lawyer William B. Blanchard
reviews the case of UBS AG v. HSH Nordbank AG, E.W.C.A. Civ. 585; WL 1657158:
"Interpreting jurisdiction clauses in complex contract litigation over
collateralized debt, where one party has sued in New York courts and opposing
party has invoked jurisdiction of English courts, Court of Appeal upholds lower
court’s ruling that rejected resort to English courts."</span></div>
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<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Mr. Blanchard first
provides an overview of the case. This appeal turns on the construction of
jurisdiction clauses. The principal issue is whether the English jurisdiction
clause in one of the documents recording the complex transaction between the
parties applies to the claims in the action in England for the negative
declaration. The English court of first instance concluded that it did not.
This dispute concerns derivatives in relation to the property market, or
Collateralized Debt Obligations (CDOs). The contractual documentation in this
matter consists of more than 500 pages; its size and complexity, which is no
doubt duplicated in many other transactions, make it easier to understand, if
not to excuse, why many senior banking figures throughout the world had little
understanding of this market and of the very high risks their institutions were
undertaking.</span></div>
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<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">HSH Nordbank AG (HSH) is a
commercial bank incorporated in Germany with dual headquarters in Hamburg and
Kiel. The first claimant, UBS AG, is incorporated in Switzerland, where it has
its head office, and has substantial offices worldwide, including in New York
and London. </span></div>
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<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">The second claimant, UBS
Securities LLC (UBS LLC), is an affiliate of UBS. It is incorporated in the
United States and has its principal place of business here. The appellate court
generally refers to either or both of them as “UBS.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">The relevant transactions
took place in 2002/2003 between UBS and LB Kiel. HSH has assumed all material
assets, rights and obligations of LB Kiel, and it is in that capacity that HSH
has sued UBS in New York state court and is being sued by UBS in England. HSH
is domiciled in Germany for the purposes of Council Regulation 44/2001 on
jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and
commercial matters (the Brussels I Regulation).</span></div>
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<span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">UBS filed its English
action for negative declaratory relief against HSH on February 25, 2008, in
anticipation of proceedings which HSH was going to lodge against UBS in New
York later the same day. In its complaint, HSH alleged mis selling and
mismanagement of the securities which were the subject of the complex
arrangements between the parties. The original complaint relied on the
following causes of action: breach of contract; fraud; negligent
misrepresentation; breach of fiduciary duty; breach of an implied covenant of
good faith and fair dealing; unjust enrichment; and constructive trust.</span></div>
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<span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">“Plainly the parties did
not actually contemplate at the time of the conclusion of the contracts that
there would be litigation in two countries involving allegations of misrepresentation
in the inception and performance of the agreements. But, in my judgment,
sensible business people would not have intended that a dispute of this kind
would have been within the scope of two inconsistent jurisdiction agreements.
The agreements were all connected and part of one package, and it seems to me
plain that the result for which UBS contends would be a wholly uncommercial
result and one that sensible business people cannot have intended.”</span></div>
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<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">“The New York complaint
alleges, inter alia, that (a) UBS induced HSH to purchase the NS4 Notes by
misrepresentations concerning the credit quality of the Reference Pool to which
payments under the NS4 Notes were linked; (b) UBS failed to operate a
Commitments Committee, as required by the RPSA, so as to select Reference Pool
assets with stable or improving credit profiles, carefully monitor the credit
status and quality of each asset, and avoid downgrades. As Justice Lowe stated
in his decision of October 21, 2008: ‘HSH’s overarching claim is that UBS
failed to maintain the promised high quality of the notes in the Reference
Pool, by failing to ensure that the Commitments Committee keep an eye on the
condition of the investments.’” [¶ 89].</span></div>
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<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">“Whether a jurisdiction
clause applies to a dispute is a question of construction. Where there are
numerous jurisdiction agreements which may overlap, the parties must be
presumed to be acting commercially, and not to intend that similar claims
should be the subject of inconsistent jurisdiction clauses. The jurisdiction
clause in the Dealer’s Confirmation is a ‘boilerplate’ bond issue jurisdiction
clause, and is primarily intended to deal with technical banking disputes.
Where the parties have entered into a complex transaction, it is the
jurisdiction clauses in the agreements which are at the commercial centre of
the transaction which the parties must have intended to apply to such claims as
are made in the New York complaint and reflected in the draft particulars of
claim in England.” [¶ 95].</span></div>
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<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">“The action in England is
intended to mirror the New York proceedings. I have already emphasised that the
essence of the claims for misrepresentation in New York is that HSH was induced
to purchase the NS4 Notes in reliance on the fraudulent and negligent
misrepresentations, and would not have purchased them in the absence of those
representations. No sensible commercial interpretation of the jurisdiction
clause in the Dealer’s Confirmation could have the result that identical
misrepresentation claims would fall both within that clause and within the non
exclusive New York jurisdiction clauses, simply because the consideration for
the transaction was the issue of the Kiel MTN Notes. </span></div>
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<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">The Court concludes that
the standard form bond issue jurisdiction clause in the Dealer’s Confirmation
does not apply to claims that the transaction as a whole, and in particular the
purchase of the NS4 Notes, was induced by misrepresentation.</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">The case citation is UBS
AG v. HSH Nordbank AG, E.W.C.A. Civ. 585; WL 1657158. The complete commentary
will be published on the Blog of Mr. Blanchard at Blog:
https://williamblanchardblog.blogspot.com/</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<b><span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">About William B. Blanchard</span></b></div>
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<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Mr. William Blanchard
(“Bill Blanchard”) is a solo practice attorney with offices in St. Charles and
Oakbrook Terrace, Illinois.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bill
specializes in representing real estate clients for purchases and sales as well
as home owner real estate tax assessment appeals.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Mr. Blanchard is General
Counsel for Gaia Title, Inc. a title insurance agency and settlement services
provider.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Company is owned by real
estate attorneys who demand exemplary title insurance services and accurate and
efficient settlement services.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As
General Counsel he is responsible for title examination, commitment and policy
review, escrow settlement supervision and regulatory review.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Mr. Blanchard gained
distinction as a real estate assessment attorney by representing 23 Will County
senior citizen home owners before the Illinois Property Tax Appeal Board and
winning every case; this in addition to several successful appeals before
various County Boards of Appeal.</span></div>
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<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Bill is often interviewed
for comments on significant legal and real estate news and is developing a blog
for discussion of relevant judicial decisions affecting the title insurance
industry.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">William B. Blanchard,
Attorney at Law</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">1700 Lincoln Hwy. Ste. K</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">St. Charles, IL 60174</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Phone: (630) 549-7909</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Fax: (331) 901-5941</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">https://www.facebook.com/blanchardlawgroup/</span></div>
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<span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">References</span></div>
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<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Listing in Attorney
Directory: <a href="https://www.lawyer.com/william-byron-blanchard.html">https://www.lawyer.com/william-byron-blanchard.html</a></span></div>
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**** Mr. William B. Blanchard (“Bill Blanchard”) is a Real Estate Attorney with offices in St. Charles and Oakbrook Terrace, Illinois. Bill specializes in representing real estate clients for purchases and sales as well as home owner real estate tax assessment appeals. Mr. Blanchard is General Counsel for Gaia Title, Inc. a title insurance agency and settlement services provider. The Company is owned by real estate attorneys who demand exemplary title insurance services and accurate and efficient settlement services. As General Counsel he is responsible for title examination, commitment and policy review, escrow settlement supervision and regulatory review. - Attorney Profile: <a href="https://solomonlawguild.com/william-b-blanchard%2C-esq">https://solomonlawguild.com/william-b-blanchard%2C-esq</a> - Attorney News: <a href="https://attorneygazette.com/william-blanchard%2C-esq#40b43d7b-94b2-48d3-b055-1979a636f1e7">https://attorneygazette.com/william-blanchard%2C-esq#40b43d7b-94b2-48d3-b055-1979a636f1e7</a>William B. Blanchardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02534739678331560264noreply@blogger.comIllinois, USA40.6331249 -89.39852830000000934.3854434 -99.7256768 46.8808064 -79.071379800000017tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8712163583283675416.post-65158194690543661482018-09-24T05:16:00.001-07:002018-09-24T05:16:32.411-07:00William B Blanchard, Real Estate Attorney Alerts to Problem of Fraudulent Wire Instructions for Real Estate<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-54-Jx3eN30lckOJaWtJXlYQd8eU1uxe6xgICb6yfv_0VE1bp-peV_IcRadQJZCzWbCOCABiKONoRnlRbULa2q9wvep9I0l2lrWyF8kujTpNNtA62Rl61R6hBC1cyqKtdolcNMe9958U/s1600/Attorney+Profile+of+William+B+Blanchard.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="644" data-original-width="1334" height="154" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-54-Jx3eN30lckOJaWtJXlYQd8eU1uxe6xgICb6yfv_0VE1bp-peV_IcRadQJZCzWbCOCABiKONoRnlRbULa2q9wvep9I0l2lrWyF8kujTpNNtA62Rl61R6hBC1cyqKtdolcNMe9958U/s320/Attorney+Profile+of+William+B+Blanchard.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Real
Estate Attorney Alerts to Problem of Fraudulent Wire Instructions for Real
Estate; Licensee Liable for Forwarding Fraudulent Wire Transfer Instructions</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">William Blanchard Esq cautions agents to avoid forwarding
emails that contain wire transfer instructions for real estate transactions</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">In light of the frequent scams involving wire transfers of
funds for real estate transactions, real estate lawyer William “Bill” Blanchard
alerts buyers and real estate businesses to this recurrent problem. The basic
model of the scam is that scammers intercept and replace wire transfer
instructions sent via email between the various parties to a real estate
transaction. The buyer then wires the funds for the scheduled transaction, only
to find that the funds were sent to the scammers’ accounts where they quickly
disappeared.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Recently a court had to address such issue. A federal
district court in Kansas upheld a jury verdict in this regard in the case of
BAIN v. PLATINUM REALTY, LLC. There, a jury found a real estate licensee 85%
responsible for the buyer’s losses, which occurred when the buyer transferred
purchase money to fake account after licensee allegedly forwarded email
containing fake wiring instructions to the buyer.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In this case, a real estate buyer (“Buyer”)
purportedly received an email from the listing broker (“Broker”) that provided
new wiring instructions for the upcoming closing on a property. The Buyer used
the false instructions to wire the purchase money to the fraudulent account and
lost $196,622. The criminal had infiltrated the email exchanges between the
parties to the transaction and created fake email accounts that were very
similar to the email accounts used by the parties. The criminal had used these
accounts to transmit the false wire instructions that were eventually sent to
the Buyer.</span></span></div>
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</span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">The Buyer brought a lawsuit against a number of parties,
including the Broker. The Broker claimed that she had never sent the email with
the false wiring instructions. She had initially forwarded an email with the
false wire instructions but she had sent it to one of the fake accounts set up
by the criminal. She claimed that she had not sent the later email that the
Buyer did receive and used to send the purchase money to the fraudulent
account.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">The case went to trial, and the jury found that the Broker
was 85% responsible for the loss and the court entered judgment against the
Broker for $167,129. The Broker filed a post-trial motion seeking a
determination in her favor.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Defendants
argue that the evidence was insufficient to support the jury's finding in favor
of plaintiff on his claim of negligent misrepresentation. The Court instructed
the jury concerning the elements of that claim as follows:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">One who, in the course of his or her business, supplies
false information for the guidance of another person in such other person's
business transactions, is liable for damages suffered by such other person
caused by reasonable reliance upon the false information if:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">1. The person supplying the false information failed to
exercise reasonable care or competence in obtaining or communicating the false
information; and,</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">2. The person who relies upon the information is the person
for whose benefit and guidance the information is supplied; and,</span></span></div>
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</span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">3. The damages are suffered in a transaction that the
person supplying the information intends to influence.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">The district court affirmed the jury verdict. The court
rejected the Broker’s argument that she did not send the email to the Buyer
that was used to send the wire, finding this was an issue of fact for the jury
to resolve as there was some evidence that the Broker had sent the later email.
The jury determined that the Broker had sent the email, and so the court
affirmed the jury verdict in favor of the Buyer.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">William Blanchard notes
that “theft of closing funds or sale proceeds is nationwide problem. The
internet is everywhere, and it has become rather easy for a scammer to hack
into email accounts and/or create fake identities to divert the funds for a
real estate transaction. In some states, including Illinois, there are laws
requiring a ‘Closing Protection Letter (CPL)’. This is a form of insurance
issued by title insurance companies, insuring the actions of a particular
attorney, agent, and/or closer in conducting a closing. To bolster lender
confidence in agency closings, major title companies and underwriters issued
CPLs indemnifying lenders and buyers from losses occurring during the closing
process.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">“Courts in many states
without CPL legislation are struggling to justify decisions finding title
companies and individual agency or agent’s errors and omission insurers
responsible to the parties to real estate transactions that fail due to loss of
funds or to sellers whose proceeds end up somewhere other than intended. Even
though millions of dollars are being hijacked by unscrupulous closing agents,
attorneys and hackers, there are no appellate or supreme court cases on the
issue of title insurance company responsibility for loss due to fake wire
transfer instructions involving CPLs,” concludes Mr. Blanchard.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">The underlying case is JERRY BAIN, Plaintiff, v. PLATINUM
REALTY, LLC and KATHRYN SYLVIA COLEMAN, Defendants, Case No. 16-2326-JWL United
States District Court, D. Kansas (June 25, 2018). The Court’s memorandum and
order upholding the jury verdict is at <span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/USCOURTS-ksd-2_16-cv-02326/pdf/USCOURTS-ksd-2_16-cv-02326-3.pdf">https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/USCOURTS-ksd-2_16-cv-02326/pdf/USCOURTS-ksd-2_16-cv-02326-3.pdf</a></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">**** Mr. William B. Blanchard (“Bill Blanchard”) is a Real Estate Attorney with offices in St. Charles and Oakbrook Terrace, Illinois. Bill specializes in representing real estate clients for purchases and sales as well as home owner real estate tax assessment appeals. Mr. Blanchard is General Counsel for Gaia Title, Inc. a title insurance agency and settlement services provider. The Company is owned by real estate attorneys who demand exemplary title insurance services and accurate and efficient settlement services. As General Counsel he is responsible for title examination, commitment and policy review, escrow settlement supervision and regulatory review. - Attorney Profile: <a href="https://solomonlawguild.com/william-b-blanchard%2C-esq">https://solomonlawguild.com/william-b-blanchard%2C-esq</a> - Attorney News: <a href="https://attorneygazette.com/william-blanchard%2C-esq#40b43d7b-94b2-48d3-b055-1979a636f1e7">https://attorneygazette.com/william-blanchard%2C-esq#40b43d7b-94b2-48d3-b055-1979a636f1e7</a></span>William B. Blanchardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02534739678331560264noreply@blogger.comIllinois, USA40.6331249 -89.39852830000000934.3854434 -99.7256768 46.8808064 -79.071379800000017tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8712163583283675416.post-52925102077478917202018-09-04T08:51:00.000-07:002018-09-04T08:51:13.550-07:00Real Estate Attorney William “Bill” Blanchard Comments on Managing Credit During the Loan Process<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvCafHG8K6URPUUIAds1Y4ezO2WCwvNzwhSPS_hrt8hXRDvKzbdYgrajjKlEV_qFmm_sj7JMI8f-DTEUU-hFWalOhM35fsX0Nx74m1AhT1nZfG40Xkka5fEhtVlNNxIHeL4pXOj8bFqis/s1600/Attorney+Profile+of+William+B+Blanchard.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="644" data-original-width="1334" height="154" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvCafHG8K6URPUUIAds1Y4ezO2WCwvNzwhSPS_hrt8hXRDvKzbdYgrajjKlEV_qFmm_sj7JMI8f-DTEUU-hFWalOhM35fsX0Nx74m1AhT1nZfG40Xkka5fEhtVlNNxIHeL4pXOj8bFqis/s320/Attorney+Profile+of+William+B+Blanchard.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Real Estate Attorney
William “Bill” Blanchard Comments on Managing Credit During the Loan Process</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Reminds home buyers
that “A Clear to Close Letter Doesn’t Mean You Are Clear to Close.” Thus, buyers
are advised to manage their credit wisely</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Experienced real estate attorney William B. Blanchard is
publishing comments on issues related to the closing process, advising home
buyers to pay particular attention to their credit during the loan process. His
comments arose from a recent experience where Mr. Blanchard received notice
from a lender that their customer’s loan was “clear to close” (CTC) and asked him,
as the Seller’s attorney, to schedule a closing.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The CTC is notice that all conditions
required to fund the loan were completed, approved by the underwriter and the
loan was ready to close. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It appeared the
loan was ready for funding.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
On the morning of the scheduled closing, Buyer’s attorney
called and said that his client’s loan was being sent back to the underwriters
because of a credit issue that appeared on their last credit inquiry. The borrowers
were not aware that their loan required a minimum credit score.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On the morning of our closing the lender ran
a quick credit check and found the couple had 2 late payments on other credit
obligations since making their loan application.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The damage was a major drop in their FICO
score and a cancelled closing.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Now the
buyers, who have movers scheduled, have no place to live or store furniture are
facing the likelihood that the damage to their credit will take several weeks
or months to fix.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Mr. Blanchard thus comments: “Lenders, attorneys, and real
estate agents should warn their buyer clients of the consequences of using, not
just abusing, credit during their loan application process.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Equifax, a major credit reporting agency says
that on-time payments and credit history, make up 35% of a credit score.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Clients need to know that missing a payment
is often fatal while an application is pending even if they’re pre-approved for
a loan, have a loan commitment or are clear to close.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Loan approval is always subject to last
minute credit review.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Mr. Blanchard explains that having a credit account sent to
collections will certainly have a major impact on credit review as will credit
utilization rate.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This rate is the
amount of outstanding debt relative to the total of all credit lines.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Equifax suggests that anything over 30%
credit utilization will damage a score significantly.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Caution clients not to get anxious to buy new
furniture for the new home or make any other major credit purchase.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Seven percent of a FICO score is impacted by
opening new credit lines.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Advise clients
to wait until they have the keys in hand before going on a shopping spree.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Finally, a score can go down if you transfer
balances or even pay off a card.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Home
buyers need to know not to do anything that has the potential to lower their
credit score until their loan is closed and they own their new home.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Mr. Blanchard’s advice is that real estate attorneys make
credit management warnings a visible part of your client’s home purchase
counselling.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If nothing more, provide
your buyers with a copy of this article or your own warning as part of your
engagement agreement.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The following
caution has a prominent position in my client engagement agreement.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I don’t want to hear, “you never told me” if
the loan is rejected. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Mr. Blanchard suggests a written caution along the lines of:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“Congratulations on your contract to purchase a new home and
your pre-qualification for a loan.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A
word of caution regarding managing credit during your loan process.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lenders use your FICO and credit reports for
approving your loan and setting your interest rate.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Your lender most likely reviewed both before
providing your pre-approval letter.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Be
careful with your use of credit while your loan is being processed because your
loan can be rejected for damaging changes to your score and report.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This can happen up to the time you’ve
completed your closing and have the keys to the new home. The following are
credit situations to avoid during your application process:</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Do not use credit cards excessively.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Keep balances below 30% of your credit limit
and don’t make any major purchases;</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Do not let current accounts fall behind.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Missing one payment during the loan process
can lead to a substantial reduction to your score and loan rejection;</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Do not co-sign for anyone on a new account or
loan.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Do not give permission to anyone to run your
credit (by applying for new credit accounts).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The furniture for the new home can wait until you are holding the
keys.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>New credit inquiries will reduce
your score and can lead to denial of your credit application.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The complete commentary on “Managing Credit During the Loan
Process” by William B. Blanchard is available on his blog at https://williamblanchardblog.blogspot.com/</div>
<br /><br />
**** Mr. William B. Blanchard (“Bill Blanchard”) is a Real Estate Attorney with offices in St. Charles and Oakbrook Terrace, Illinois. Bill specializes in representing real estate clients for purchases and sales as well as home owner real estate tax assessment appeals. Mr. Blanchard is General Counsel for Gaia Title, Inc. a title insurance agency and settlement services provider. The Company is owned by real estate attorneys who demand exemplary title insurance services and accurate and efficient settlement services. As General Counsel he is responsible for title examination, commitment and policy review, escrow settlement supervision and regulatory review. - Attorney Profile: https://solomonlawguild.com/william-b-blanchard%2C-esq - Attorney News: https://attorneygazette.com/william-blanchard%2C-esq#40b43d7b-94b2-48d3-b055-1979a636f1e7
William B. Blanchardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02534739678331560264noreply@blogger.comIllinois, USA40.6331249 -89.39852830000000934.3854434 -99.7256768 46.8808064 -79.071379800000017tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8712163583283675416.post-86729415497939586692018-09-04T08:49:00.004-07:002018-09-04T08:49:55.575-07:00Real Estate Attorney William B Blanchard announces special discount for those who serve or served our Country<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="color: #191919; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt;">Real
Estate Attorney William B Blanchard announces special discount for those who
serve or served our Country</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i><span style="color: #191919; font-family: Times; font-size: 15.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">Bill Blanchard offers special discount for real estate legal
services to USAA members, veterans, active duty, police, fire fighters, and
senior citizens.</span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: #191919; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">St. Charles, Illinois (August 2018) Real Estate Attorney William
B Blanchard announced that beginning immediately he will be offering a special
discount for those who have served the country.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>“We would like to honor those who serve or served (USAA members,
veterans, active duty, police, fire fighters, and senior citizens) a reduced
rate at one half the usual fee,” says Bill Blanchard. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: #191919; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Bill stated, “I have great respect and admiration for those that
wear the uniform and keep us safe.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These
men and women are this country’s unsung heroes and I want to give back to them
for all the sacrifices they have made in order to keep us safe.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Therefore, I am offering a reduced rate of my
fees.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A $500 fee will be reduced to $250
beginning immediately and continuing at least to the end of the year.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He went on to add “my wife Judy and I just
feel the passion to help others. Several years ago, Judy and I started </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Foundation for Support of Chemical Dependency Recovery Programs, we feel
so blessed that we wish to pass that on to others.”</span><span style="color: #191919; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Bill and his wife of 51 years, Judy, were the
founders and major contributors of the Foundation for Support of Chemical
Dependency Recovery Programs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>During
their several years of support they provided shelter and treatment for
substance addicted adolescents in Illinois, Texas, Georgia and California.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Young people benefitting from their
generosity included teens from the inner city to children of Hollywood stars.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Recently they provided below market rental
housing for drug dependent single mothers with children sponsored by Catholic
Charities and Cornerstone Services.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Bill is a solo practice attorney with offices
in St. Charles and Oakbrook Terrace, Illinois.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>He specializes in representing real estate clients for purchases and
sales as well as home owner real estate tax assessment appeals. He is also General
Counsel for Gaia Title, Inc. a title insurance agency and settlement services
provider.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Company is owned by real
estate attorneys who demand exemplary title insurance services and accurate and
efficient settlement services.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As
General Counsel he is responsible for title examination, commitment and policy
review, escrow settlement supervision and regulatory review.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Since gaining distinction as a real estate
assessment attorney by representing 23 Will County senior citizen home owners
before the Illinois Property Tax Appeal Board and winning every case; this in
addition to several successful appeals before various County Boards of Appeal.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Bill is often interviewed for comments on
significant legal and real estate news and is developing a blog for discussion
of relevant judicial decisions affecting the title insurance industry.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">He received his Juris Doctor from DePaul
University College of Law and was admitted to the practice of law in
Illinois.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He graduated with his B.S. in
Business Administration from Southern Illinois University.</span></div>
<br /><br />
<br />
**** Mr. William B. Blanchard (“Bill Blanchard”) is a Real Estate Attorney with offices in St. Charles and Oakbrook Terrace, Illinois. Bill specializes in representing real estate clients for purchases and sales as well as home owner real estate tax assessment appeals. Mr. Blanchard is General Counsel for Gaia Title, Inc. a title insurance agency and settlement services provider. The Company is owned by real estate attorneys who demand exemplary title insurance services and accurate and efficient settlement services. As General Counsel he is responsible for title examination, commitment and policy review, escrow settlement supervision and regulatory review. - Attorney Profile: <a href="https://solomonlawguild.com/william-b-blanchard%2C-esq">https://solomonlawguild.com/william-b-blanchard%2C-esq</a> - Attorney News: <a href="https://attorneygazette.com/william-blanchard%2C-esq#40b43d7b-94b2-48d3-b055-1979a636f1e7">https://attorneygazette.com/william-blanchard%2C-esq#40b43d7b-94b2-48d3-b055-1979a636f1e7</a>William B. Blanchardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02534739678331560264noreply@blogger.comSt. Charles, IL, USA41.9141945 -88.3086867000000141.819688 -88.470048200000008 42.008701 -88.147325200000012tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8712163583283675416.post-88539904387886948272018-09-04T08:48:00.000-07:002018-09-04T08:48:03.405-07:00William B Blanchard - Illinois’ Closing Protection Letters (CPLs) Help Protect against Wire Fraud Losses<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7aZWrdT0IoNCqoM_oA3GjW-7dl1LPiMZYB6F7pESZYvLdm9BNHgM8nlp754qLMey8bCs27GTWAY2cVKt6C1XzTPQXE9AHSijCu6w4TYqhbUluBKNpMUZbN7P_BfKiLcJpYSpxRvZ2LIQ/s1600/Attorney+Profile+of+William+B+Blanchard.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="644" data-original-width="1334" height="154" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7aZWrdT0IoNCqoM_oA3GjW-7dl1LPiMZYB6F7pESZYvLdm9BNHgM8nlp754qLMey8bCs27GTWAY2cVKt6C1XzTPQXE9AHSijCu6w4TYqhbUluBKNpMUZbN7P_BfKiLcJpYSpxRvZ2LIQ/s320/Attorney+Profile+of+William+B+Blanchard.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Illinois’ Closing
Protection Letters (CPLs) Help Protect against Wire Fraud Losses</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Illinois Act shows that legislature is holding
the major title companies and underwriters responsible for creating a situation
which makes it easier for unscrupulous parties to steal funds</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">St.
Charles, Illinois (August 2018) - Real Estate Attorney William B. Blanchard commented
that the loss of funds due to wire transfer scams is now the Number 1 insurance
claim category for title companies, escrow closing services and their
attorney/agents. Cunning hackers can intercept and replace wire transfer
instructions sent via email between the various parties to a real estate
transaction and have now diverted over a billion dollars in the U.S. alone. Cyber
thieves and unscrupulous closing agents make off with closing funds or proceeds
belonging to buyers, sellers and lenders involved in real estate transaction at
a rapidly increasing rate.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Once gone,
the money is virtually impossible to recover as it moves quickly through a maze
of domestic and foreign accounts.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Criminals are having greater success now than ever before, with a large
percentage of thefts taking place in Northern Illinois.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Mr.
Blanchard explains that a “Closing Protection Letter” (CPL) which must now be
used is a form of insurance issued by title insurance companies, insuring the
actions of a particular attorney, agent, and/or closer in conducting a closing.
The business of issuing title insurance commitments, owner’s and lender’s policies
and administering closings in Illinois, underwent a dramatic change during the 1980s
and ‘90s.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Residential real estate contracts, following
established practice in Northern Illinois, provide that seller’s attorney is
responsible for selecting the title company to provide title and escrow
settlement services for the transaction. Title companies, attempting to
increase title orders, took steps to build a base of loyal attorneys in a competitive
market by entering into independent agent agreements. These agreements provided
financial rewards to attorney/agents through generous premium splits in
exchange for placement of title orders.</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">By the
turn of the Century major title companies engaged in fierce competition to
attract new agents until now virtually all real estate attorneys have affiliated
business arrangements with at least one title underwriter. As a result, attorney
policy premium splits quickly reached 80-20%. Attorney revenue continued to
grow rapidly as title companies had to increase premiums in order to remain a competitive
attorney recruitment program.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Title
companies dealt with lost revenue from lower premium margins by increasing the
cost of other services such as escrow settlement and closings fees. After profits
from providing ancillary services and products grew, attorneys and investors opened
full service title agencies allowing them to enter the lucrative escrow and
settlement business.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Most new agencies
were and continue to be undercapitalized and are staffed by real estate attorneys
and administrative staff having little hands-on title experience.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mistakes before, during and after closings increased
as did the volume of claims. Dissatisfied lenders complained as they had to
look to undercapitalized independent agencies to recover losses resulting from
title errors and mishandling or theft of escrow funds. The result was a
reluctance amongst mortgage lenders to recognize these new agencies as approved
vendors for their closings. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Facing a
need to bolster lender’s confidence in agency closings, major title companies
and underwriters issued CPLs indemnifying lenders and buyers from losses occurring
during the closing process. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Underwriters
paid or settled claims quickly in order encourage lenders to accept the newer
agencies as approved vendors. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">At first, CPLs were issued by
underwriters to lenders and later to buyers upon request. Later Illinois
enacted statutory coverage for CPLs and provided that title company
underwriters must issue letters to buyers and lenders in all residential real
estate transactions. Then on September 1, 2011 the Illinois legislature added
CPLs for sellers under the Act and provided for payment of fees to title
companies that issued CPLs (Illinois Public Act 96-1454) (“Act”).</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Attorney William Blanchard
notes that “theft of closing funds or sale proceeds is not just an Illinois
problem as losses are prevalent throughout the country.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Courts in many states without CPL legislation
are struggling to justify decisions finding title companies and individual
agency or agent’s errors and omission insurers responsible to the parties to
real estate transactions that fail due to loss of funds or to sellers whose
proceeds end up somewhere other than intended.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Other state courts have moved in the opposite directions finding
underwriters and insurers free from legal responsibility for losses.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Even
though millions of dollars are being hijacked by unscrupulous closing agents,
attorneys and hackers, there are no appellate or supreme court cases on the
issue of title insurance company responsibility for loss due to fake wire
transfer instructions involving CPLs. Statutory defenses are provided in the
Act, but for now it appears that underwriters are accepting claims under CPLs
with a reservation of right to deny the claims. Therefore, if buyer, lender or
seller closing funds are misappropriated and the closing does not occur, insurers
are still settling claims very early in the process to prevent courts from
interpreting issuer’s liability under the Act. The obvious desire not to
litigate may be realization that it would be rare for a claim of diversion of
funds to result from settlement actions by closing agents or attorney/agents
who were completely free from negligence, error, fraud, or intentional taking.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Mr.
Blanchard concludes that “the language of the Illinois Act makes it clear that
the legislature is holding the major title companies and underwriters
responsible for creating a situation which makes it easier for unscrupulous
parties to steal funds and will now hold insurers strictly responsible for the
damages.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">About William B. Blanchard, Real Estate
Attorney</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Bill </span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Blanchard<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> is a solo practice attorney with offices in St. Charles and Oakbrook
Terrace, Illinois.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He specializes in
representing real estate clients for purchases and sales as well as home owner
real estate tax assessment appeals. He is also General Counsel for Gaia Title,
Inc. a title insurance agency and settlement services provider. The Company is
owned by real estate attorneys who demand exemplary title insurance services
and accurate and efficient settlement services.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>As General Counsel he is responsible for title examination, commitment
and policy review, escrow settlement supervision and regulatory review.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">More information:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">There are
numerous news reports about this type of scam elsewhere in the U.S., for
example:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><a href="http://www.chicagotribune.com/classified/realestate/ct-re-1105-kenneth-harney-20171030-story.html">http://www.chicagotribune.com/classified/realestate/ct-re-1105-kenneth-harney-20171030-story.html</a></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><a href="http://time.com/money/5062964/this-sneaky-home-buying-scam-is-on-the-rise-heres-how-to-spot-it/">http://time.com/money/5062964/this-sneaky-home-buying-scam-is-on-the-rise-heres-how-to-spot-it/</a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><a href="https://abc7chicago.com/realestate/wired-away-couple-loses-life-savings-during-home-purchase/2630496/">https://abc7chicago.com/realestate/wired-away-couple-loses-life-savings-during-home-purchase/2630496/</a></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">The Illinois Statutory CPL
now reads as follows:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 5.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><br clear="all" />
Illinois Agent Issued Seller Closing Protection Letter</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 5.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">7/19/2018</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 5.0pt; margin-right: 210.95pt; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 103.95pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 5.0pt; margin-right: 210.95pt; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 103.95pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">[…] Transaction<span style="letter-spacing: -.65pt;"> </span>File<span style="letter-spacing: -.4pt;"> </span>Number<span style="letter-spacing: -.55pt;">
</span>(hereafter,<span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"> </span>“the<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span>Real<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span>Estate<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"> </span>Transaction”):<span style="mso-text-raise: .5pt; position: relative; top: -.5pt;"> </span>Buyer/Borrower:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 5.0pt; tab-stops: 104.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Property Address:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 5.0pt; tab-stops: 103.95pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Loan<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>Number:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 11.0pt; margin-right: 242.7pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -6.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-text-raise: .5pt; position: relative; top: -.5pt;">Name </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">of Issuing Agent or Approved Attorney ("title
insurance agent"): </span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 5.0pt;">
<u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Re:
Seller Closing Protection Letter</span></u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 5.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Dear
Sir or Madam:</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 5.0pt; margin-right: 5.8pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">___________________ Title Insurance Company (the
“Company”) agrees, subject to the Conditions and Exclusions set forth below, to
reimburse you for actual loss not to exceed the amount of the settlement funds
deposited with the title insurance agent and incurred by you, the Seller/Lessor
in connection with the closing of the Real Estate Transaction conducted by the
title insurance agent of the Company provided:</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 41.0pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: -.9pt; mso-text-raise: .5pt; position: relative; top: -.5pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(A)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-text-raise: .5pt; position: relative; top: -.5pt;">A<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>title<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span>insurance<span style="letter-spacing: -.55pt;">
</span>policy<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>Company<span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"> </span>is<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>issued<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>connection<span style="letter-spacing: -.65pt;"> </span>with<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>closing<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;">
</span>of<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>Real<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span>Estate<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Transaction;</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 41.0pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: -.9pt; mso-text-raise: .5pt; position: relative; top: -.5pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(B)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">You<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>are<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>be<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>(i)<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>Seller<span style="letter-spacing: -.4pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>interest<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">
</span>in<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>land,<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span>or<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>(ii)<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>Lessor<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;">
</span>of<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>interest<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>land;<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;">
</span>and</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-right: 5.85pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 41.05pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: -.9pt; mso-text-raise: .5pt; position: relative; top: -.5pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(C)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">The aggregate of
all funds you transmit to, or are to receive from the title insurance agent for
the Real Estate Transaction<span style="letter-spacing: -.65pt;"> </span>does<span style="letter-spacing: -.4pt;"> </span>not<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span>exceed<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"> </span>$2,000,000.00<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>on<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>nonresidential<span style="letter-spacing: -.8pt;"> </span>transaction;<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span>provided<span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;">
</span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span>loss<span style="letter-spacing: -.4pt;"> </span>arises<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">
</span>out<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span>of:</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 59.0pt; margin-right: 5.85pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: 59.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: -1.3pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Failure of the title insurance agent to comply with
your written closing instructions to the extent that they relate to (a) the
status of the title to that interest in land or including the obtaining of documents
and the disbursement of funds necessary to establish the status of title, or
(b) the obtaining of any other documents, specifically required by you, but
only to the extent the failure to obtain the other documents affects the status
of the title to that interest in land and not to the extent that your
instructions require a determination of the validity, enforceability<span style="letter-spacing: -.75pt;"> </span>or<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>effectiveness<span style="letter-spacing: -.75pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>other<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span>documents,<span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"> </span>or</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 59.0pt; margin-right: 5.9pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: 59.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: -1.3pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Fraud, dishonesty, or negligence of the title
insurance agent in handling funds or documents in connection with closings to
the extent that the fraud, dishonesty, or negligence relates to the status of
the title to the interest in land or, in the case of a Seller/Lessor, to the
extent that the fraud, dishonesty, or negligence relates to funds paid to the
Seller/Lessor or on behalf of the<span style="letter-spacing: -1.95pt;"> </span>Seller/Lessor.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 5.0pt;">
<u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Conditions
and Exclusions:</span></u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 23.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 23.0pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: -.5pt; mso-text-raise: .5pt; position: relative; top: -.5pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">The<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>Company<span style="letter-spacing: -.55pt;">
</span>will<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span>not<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>be<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>liable<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span>for<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>loss<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span>arising<span style="letter-spacing: -.4pt;">
</span>out<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>of:</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-right: 5.8pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: 41.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Failure of the
title insurance agent to comply with your written closing instructions which
require title insurance protection inconsistent with that set forth in the
title insurance binder or commitment issued by the Company. Instructions which
require the removal of specific exceptions to title or compliance with the
requirements contained in<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>binder<span style="letter-spacing: -.4pt;"> </span>or<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>commitment<span style="letter-spacing: -.65pt;"> </span>shall<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span>not<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>be<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>deemed<span style="letter-spacing: -.4pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>be<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>inconsistent.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-right: 5.8pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: 41.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Loss or
impairment of your funds in the course of collection or while on deposit with a
bank due to bank failure, insolvency or suspension, except as shall result from
failure of the title insurance agent to comply with your written closing<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;"> </span>instructions<span style="letter-spacing: -.65pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>deposit<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>funds<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>bank<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span>which<span style="letter-spacing: -.4pt;"> </span>you<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>designated<span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"> </span>by<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>name.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-right: 5.9pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: 41.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Defects, liens,
encumbrances, mechanics' and materialmen's liens, or other matters in
connection with the Real Estate<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>Transaction<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;"> </span>if it is<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">
</span>a sale,<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>lease<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>or loan<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span>transaction<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;"> </span>except<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>extent<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">
</span>that protection<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;"> </span>against<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span>those<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>defects,
liens, encumbrances or other matters is afforded by a policy of title insurance
not inconsistent with your closing instructions.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-right: 5.9pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: 41.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Fraud, dishonesty
or negligence of your employee, agent, attorney, broker, buyer/borrower/lessee,
borrower’s lender or warehouse<span style="letter-spacing: -.95pt;"> </span>lender.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: 41.0pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Your<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>settlement<span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"> </span>or<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>release<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>any<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>claim<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span>without<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>written<span style="letter-spacing: -.4pt;"> </span>consent<span style="letter-spacing: -.4pt;">
</span>of<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>Company.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: 41.0pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Any<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>matters<span style="letter-spacing: -.4pt;">
</span>created,<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;"> </span>suffered,<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;"> </span>assumed<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;">
</span>or<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>agreed<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>by<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>you<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>or<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>known<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>you.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-right: 5.85pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: 41.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">G.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">The title
insurance agent of the Company acting as a Qualified Intermediary/Accommodator
pursuant to IRC 1031, Like Kind Exchanges. However, the Company is liable for
the acts or omissions of the title insurance agent pursuant<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>coverage’s<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"> </span>afforded<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;"> </span>by<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>this<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>Closing<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>Protection<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>Letter<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span>if<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>title<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>insurance<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"> </span>agent<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span>fails<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>follow<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span>written instructions directing the
disbursement of exchange funds to a third party Qualified
Intermediary/Accommodator. The terms and conditions of this Closing Protection
Letter extend only to the disbursement of exchange funds to a designated
Qualified Intermediary/Accommodator disclosed in written instructions and not
to the subsequent acquisition<span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>replacement<span style="letter-spacing: -.7pt;"> </span>property<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;">
</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>defined<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>IRC<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>1031,<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>Like<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span>Kind<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>Exchanges.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 23.0pt; margin-right: 5.9pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 23.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: -.5pt; mso-text-raise: .5pt; position: relative; top: -.5pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">When the Company
shall have reimbursed you pursuant to this Closing Protection Letter it shall
be subrogated to all rights and remedies which you would have had against any
person or property had you not been so reimbursed. Liability of the Company for
such reimbursement shall be reduced to the extent that you have knowingly and
voluntarily impaired the value of this right of<span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"> </span>subrogation.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 23.0pt; margin-right: 5.8pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 23.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: -.5pt; mso-text-raise: .5pt; position: relative; top: -.5pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">The title
insurance agent is the Company’s agent only for the limited purpose of issuing
title insurance policies. The title insurance agent is not the Company’s agent
for the purpose of providing other closing or settlement services. The
Company’s liability for your losses arising from closing or settlement services
is strictly limited to the protection expressly provided in this Closing
Protection Letter. Any liability of the Company for loss does not include
liability for loss resulting from the negligence, fraud or bad faith of any
party to the Real Estate Transaction other than the tile insurance agent
pursuant to this Closing Protection Letter; the lack of creditworthiness of any
borrower connected with the Real Estate Transaction, or the failure of any
collateral to adequately secure a loan connected with the Real Estate
Transaction. However, this letter does not affect the Company’s liability with
respect to its title insurance binders, commitments<span style="letter-spacing: -.7pt;"> </span>or<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>policies<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;"> </span>issued<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;">
</span>by<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>title<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>insurance<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"> </span>agent<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>connection<span style="letter-spacing: -.65pt;"> </span>with<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>Real<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>Estate<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span>Transaction</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 23.0pt; margin-right: 5.85pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 23.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: -.5pt; mso-text-raise: .5pt; position: relative; top: -.5pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-text-raise: .5pt; position: relative; top: -.5pt;">You must promptly send written notice of a claim
under this letter to the Company at its principal </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">office, First American Title Insurance Company, Attn:
Claims National Intake Center, 1 First American Way, Santa Ana, CA 92707. The
company is not liable for a loss if the written notice is not received within
one year from the date of the closing. from the date of the<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"> </span>closing.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Any
previous Closing Protection Letter or similar agreement is hereby cancelled
with respect to the Real Estate Transaction.</span></div>
<br />
<br />
**** Mr. William B. Blanchard (“Bill Blanchard”) is a Real Estate Attorney with offices in St. Charles and Oakbrook Terrace, Illinois. Bill specializes in representing real estate clients for purchases and sales as well as home owner real estate tax assessment appeals. Mr. Blanchard is General Counsel for Gaia Title, Inc. a title insurance agency and settlement services provider. The Company is owned by real estate attorneys who demand exemplary title insurance services and accurate and efficient settlement services. As General Counsel he is responsible for title examination, commitment and policy review, escrow settlement supervision and regulatory review. - Attorney Profile: https://solomonlawguild.com/william-b-blanchard%2C-esq - Attorney News: https://attorneygazette.com/william-blanchard%2C-esq#40b43d7b-94b2-48d3-b055-1979a636f1e7
William B. Blanchardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02534739678331560264noreply@blogger.comIllinois, USA40.6331249 -89.39852830000000934.3854434 -99.7256768 46.8808064 -79.071379800000017tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8712163583283675416.post-459125217659515652018-07-21T15:11:00.000-07:002018-07-21T15:11:04.062-07:00Will County Attorney William "Bill" Blanchard Wins Reversal Before The Illinois Property Tax Appeal Board; County Board of Review Decides Not to Appeal<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of figures"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope return"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="line number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="page number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Home owner appealed real estate tax assessment for his home
with help of attorney; successful appeal resulted in 13% tax bill reduction for
2015 alone</span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">St. Charles real estate
attorney William “Bill” Blanchard successfully appealed a determination by the
Will County Board of Review (“BOR”) regarding the real estate tax assessment
for a Homer Township homeowner (“Appellant”).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>On May 15, 2018 the Illinois Property Tax Appeal Board (“PTAB”)
unanimously adopted the request by the Appellant for a reduction of his 2015
tax assessment. The BOR decided not to appeal the decision which now becomes
final.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The Homer Township Assessor
originally determined the fair market value of value of the 3,455 square foot,
2-story home in Hidden Valley Estates as $436,207, while the homeowner,
represented by Mr. Blanchard at the BOR hearing, requested an assessment based
upon a value of $380,800.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The BOA issued
a “No Change” opinion which Mr. Blanchard appealed to PTAB. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">PTAB’s decision in favor of
the homeowner to reduce the fair market value by $55,407 resulted in a 13% tax
bill reduction for the homeowner on his 2015 real estate tax bill.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The over payment will be refunded by the Will
County Treasurer. Mr. Blanchard said, “the homeowner was extremely happy with
the outcome especially when told that the decision would entitle him to similar
refunds for tax years 2016 and 2017 as well.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Blanchard continued, “I’ve now received reductions for 24 Will County
homeowners who appealed decisions by the Will County Board of Review.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">William Blanchard represents
residential, commercial and industrial property owners who feel they are
entitled to assessment reductions in Will, Kane and DuPage Counties in
Illinois.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Further
information about the Illinois Property Tax System is available at
http://tax.illinois.gov/publications/localgovernment/ptax1004.pdf. Specifically
about Will County, Illinois, additional real property tax information is at
http://www.willcountysoa.com/search_address.aspx.</span> </div>
<br />
<br />
**** Mr. William B. Blanchard (“Bill Blanchard”) is a Real Estate Attorney with offices in St. Charles and Oakbrook Terrace, Illinois. Bill specializes in representing real estate clients for purchases and sales as well as home owner real estate tax assessment appeals. Mr. Blanchard is General Counsel for Gaia Title, Inc. a title insurance agency and settlement services provider. The Company is owned by real estate attorneys who demand exemplary title insurance services and accurate and efficient settlement services. As General Counsel he is responsible for title examination, commitment and policy review, escrow settlement supervision and regulatory review. - Attorney Profile: https://solomonlawguild.com/william-b-blanchard%2C-esq - Attorney News: https://attorneygazette.com/william-blanchard%2C-esq#40b43d7b-94b2-48d3-b055-1979a636f1e7
William B. Blanchardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02534739678331560264noreply@blogger.comIllinois, USA40.6331249 -89.39852830000000934.3854434 -99.7256768 46.8808064 -79.071379800000017tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8712163583283675416.post-6698908903330469412018-07-21T15:09:00.000-07:002018-07-21T15:09:08.444-07:00Real Estate Lawyer William B Blanchard comments on Illinois Appellate Decision finding Title Insurance Company not responsible for damages even though it took 18 months to clear liens <br />
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<i><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Though it
took 18 months to clear liens, Title Insurance Company not liable; this will
affect real estate transactions where lien is discovered after closing.</span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #191919; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Real Estate Attorney William B. Blanchard, general counsel for
Gaia Title, Inc., spoke about a recent case where the Illinois Appellate Court held
that the standard ALTA Owner’s Policy gives a title insurance company wide
latitude in how to remove liens from the title, and protects it from liability
for damages. This court opinion may affect any real estate purchaser who seeks
to have liens or other encumbrances removed from a title insurance policy after
closing.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">The case
of Wade v. <span style="background: white; color: black;">Stewart Title Guaranty
Company arose</span> from a breach of contract regarding a title insurance policy
for a multi-unit residential building in Chicago, Illinois. Plaintiff Josephine
Wade, the purchaser of the property, filed suit against Stewart Title Guaranty
Company (“Stewart Title”), alleging that it had failed to timely remove defects
on the property’s title. As a consequence of the delays, according to Ms. Wade,
the building was demolished because she could not comply with the City of
Chicago’s building code. The trial court ruled in favor of Stewart Title,
finding that the title company did not breach any duties under the policy. The
Illinois Appellate Court affirmed, noting that the Plaintiff did not meet the
burden of proof needed to establish that the 18 <span style="background: white; color: black;">months Stewart Title took to clear the defects was not “reasonably
diligent.”</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Apparently,
the title insurance company <span style="background: white; color: black;">pursued lengthy
litigation during which time the building’s value quickly deteriorated. The
litigation was designed to settle the liens for less money, rather than
immediately paying the liens in full. </span>Section 9. of the title insurance
policy, “Limitation of Liability,” provided: “If the (Title) Company
establishes the title, or removes the alleged defect, lien or encumbrance ***
in a reasonably diligent manner by any method, including litigation and the
completion of any appeals therefrom, it shall have fully performed its
obligations with respect to that matter and shall not be liable for any loss or
damage caused hereby.”</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Section 4
of the policy gave the title insurance company the right to determine how to
defend or settle the claims. On ambiguity of provisions in insurance contract,
the Court stated, “…an insurance contract will be liberally construed in favor
of the insured. First Chicago Insurance Co. v. Molda, 2015 IL App (1st) 140548,
¶ 33.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Then, ironically, the Court held
that Plaintiff had the burden of proof to show the defense was not “reasonably
diligent.” Note that the trial court heard evidence that the defense provided
by Stewart Title was for its own benefit, and to the detriment of their policy
holder.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
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<span style="color: #262626; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Mr. Blanchard stated, “this decision is important for anybody in
a real estate transaction where a lien or other encumbrance is first discovered
after closing. Basically, the standard title insurance policy provides that you
must let the insurer do the job in any manner it chooses. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The appellate court concluded that if the
policy owner suffers damages while the title company engages in its defense, a
policy holder cannot prevail in a claim damages absent clear and convincing
evidence that the defense did not act in a “reasonably diligent” manner.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">“This is
an important case also for what the Court didn’t consider in reaching its
opinion,” adds Mr. Blanchard.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“The Appellate
Court affirmed because the reasonableness and diligence of the title insurance
company’s defense was a matter for the trial court to determine based upon the
evidence presented.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Before this case, a
plaintiff was required to present evidence that it suffered damages during the
time it took the title company to remove title defects, and it was then up to
the title company to present evidence that its efforts were reasonably
diligent.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">“Title
insurance companies defending similar actions in the future will cite this case
as precedent for a broad interpretation of both Section 4’s grant of discretion
and Section 9’s protection from liability.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The ruling is contrary to Illinois precedent establishing that unclear
terms in insurance policies should be interpreted in favor of Plaintiffs, and
shifts the burden of proof on the question of “reasonable diligence” from
Defendants to Plaintiffs,” opines Mr. Blanchard. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">The case
is Wade v. Stewart Title Guaranty 2017 ILAP (1<sup>st</sup>) 161765. The full
opinion is on the court website <span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="http://www.illinoiscourts.gov/Opinions/AppellateCourt/2017/1stDistrict/1161765.pdf">http://www.illinoiscourts.gov/Opinions/AppellateCourt/2017/1stDistrict/1161765.pdf</a></span></span></div>
<br /><br />
**** Mr. William B. Blanchard (“Bill Blanchard”) is a Real Estate Attorney with offices in St. Charles and Oakbrook Terrace, Illinois. Bill specializes in representing real estate clients for purchases and sales as well as home owner real estate tax assessment appeals. Mr. Blanchard is General Counsel for Gaia Title, Inc. a title insurance agency and settlement services provider. The Company is owned by real estate attorneys who demand exemplary title insurance services and accurate and efficient settlement services. As General Counsel he is responsible for title examination, commitment and policy review, escrow settlement supervision and regulatory review. - Attorney Profile: https://solomonlawguild.com/william-b-blanchard%2C-esq - Attorney News: https://attorneygazette.com/william-blanchard%2C-esq#40b43d7b-94b2-48d3-b055-1979a636f1e7
William B. Blanchardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02534739678331560264noreply@blogger.comIllinois, USA40.6331249 -89.39852830000000934.3854434 -99.7256768 46.8808064 -79.071379800000017tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8712163583283675416.post-19697405796047683642018-07-15T12:16:00.001-07:002018-07-15T12:16:19.068-07:00Game changing “Real Estate Commissions and Title Insurance Services for a Flat Fee” are beginning in Illinois<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="color: #262626; font-family: "PT Serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "PT Serif";">Game changing “Real Estate Commissions and Title Insurance Services
for a Flat Fee” are beginning in Illinois</span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: #262626; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">St Charles, IL (June 2018) </span><span style="color: #191919; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">William B. Blanchard real estate
attorney and general counsel for Gaia Title, Inc. spoke about a </span><span style="color: #262626; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">game-changing
development of </span><span style="color: #191919; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">great significance to Realtors® and title agents in Illinois.</span><span style="color: #262626; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: #262626; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Home Bay, a California real estate technology company is expanding
its operation to seven additional states including Illinois.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Home Bay has been successful in the
California real estate market by offering discounted flat fee brokerage
commissions in the range of $2,500 to $3,000.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #262626; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Home Bay announced this week that its getting into the title
insurance and settlement services business by acquiring OnTitle, a full-service
title insurance and settlement company. Mr. Blanchard stated, “this is a game
changer for Illinois residents, real estate agents and title agencies because Home
Bay’s fees are significantly below prevailing rates in our market. OnTitle is
registered to provide title and closing services in 31 states including
Illinois.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Home Bay’s spokesman says,
“the flat fee platform will allow the company to become a one-stop-technology-shop
for brokerage, title and escrow.” He went on to add, “the recent addition to our
portfolio permits us to streamline the sales and settlement process.” </span></div>
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<span style="color: #262626; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">The question becomes, will Home Bay with the recent acquisition of
OnTitle bring real savings to consumers, and Mr. Blanchard believes it
will.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“There is no doubt that consumers
working with Home Bay in its current markets have realized lower commissions
and settlement fees.” added Mr. Blanchard.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #191919; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">William B. Blanchard is General Counsel for Gaia Title,
Inc.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and a real estate attorney
representing clients in the Western suburbs of Chicago in all types of real
estate transactions including real estate closings, short sales, and real
estate tax appeals. As General Counsel, Mr. Blanchard provides title insurance
examinations, commitment and policy reviews, supervises closing activities and
regulatory compliance issues.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #191919; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Mr. Blanchard received his Juris Doctor Degree from DePaul
University College of Law in 1972, and was admitted to the practice of law in
Illinois in 1973.</span><span style="color: #191919; font-family: Times; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"></span></div>
<br />
<br />
**** Mr. William B. Blanchard (“Bill Blanchard”) is a Real Estate Attorney with offices in St. Charles and Oakbrook Terrace, Illinois. Bill specializes in representing real estate clients for purchases and sales as well as home owner real estate tax assessment appeals. Mr. Blanchard is General Counsel for Gaia Title, Inc. a title insurance agency and settlement services provider. The Company is owned by real estate attorneys who demand exemplary title insurance services and accurate and efficient settlement services. As General Counsel he is responsible for title examination, commitment and policy review, escrow settlement supervision and regulatory review. - Attorney Profile: https://solomonlawguild.com/william-b-blanchard%2C-esq - Attorney News: https://attorneygazette.com/william-blanchard%2C-esq#40b43d7b-94b2-48d3-b055-1979a636f1e7
William B. Blanchardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02534739678331560264noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8712163583283675416.post-9125193332950664992018-07-14T14:56:00.001-07:002018-07-15T12:15:25.824-07:00Three Different Courts Find CFPB and Agency Regulation of Title Insurance Companies Overall Intrusive<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
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mso-para-margin-right:0in;
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mso-para-margin-left:0in;
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mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
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mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
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mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
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<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Three Different Courts Find CFPB and Agency Regulation of Title
Insurance Companies Overall Intrusive</span></div>
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Federal Court Judge Says CFPB Structure is Unconstitutional</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Real Estate Attorney William Blanchard
elaborated on three court decisions that each limit or abolish regulatory
efforts by the CFPB or pursuant to RESPA.</span></div>
</div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">St. Charles, Illinois
(July 2018) William Blanchard, a St. Charles, Illinois real estate attorney and
General Counsel of Gaia Title, Inc., spoke about three recent court cases each
ending with a decision to limit or abolish regulatory efforts by the Consumer
Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) or proceedings under the Real Estate
Settlement Procedures Act (RESPA).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The significance
of these decisions is that together they demonstrate that the pendulum is
swinging away from broad agency regulatory authority toward less intrusive
business oversight.</span><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">On May 18, 2017, the
Illinois Supreme Court deadlocked in the matter of Chultem vs. Ticor Title
Insurance Co. (<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">2017 IL 120448).</span> Plaintiffs
in that case alleged that the title company defendants paid excessive commissions
to attorney agents who referred title business to defendants. The complaint
recognized that RESPA permitted payment to attorneys who provide core services
during the title production process but argued that the quantity and quality of
services provided did not justify agent commissions of up to 80% of policy
premiums. The trial court rejected plaintiffs' assertion that the attorney
agents must perform <i><span style="border: none 1.0pt; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; padding: 0in;">all</span></i> of
the core title services to avoid violating section 2607 of RESPA, and that
under <i><span style="border: none 1.0pt; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; padding: 0in;">Freeman v. Quicken Loans, Inc.,
132 S. Ct. 2034 (2012),</span></i> it was irrelevant whether an attorney
agent was overpaid for their services when performing less than all core title services.</span><br />
</div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">The Illinois
Supreme Court justices deadlocked decision resulted in the decision by
Appellate Court Judge Mary Mikva to stand, which favored title companies
(Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, Nos. 06-CH-09488, 06-CH-09489).</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In particular, Judge Mikva
noted that “legal precedent holds attorneys need only perform some title
services to allow them to be legally paid by the title companies as a “title
agent.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the Appellate Opinion </span><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Chultem v. Ticor Title Insurance Co.</span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">, 2015 IL App (1st) 140808, t</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">he majority held that the federal law at
issue, known as RESPA, doesn’t spell out how much work attorneys must perform
to receive payment, or control the amounts attorneys can collect in return for
their work on a title.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“…RESPA is not concerned
with whether the attorney agents were paid too much for their actual services,
but asks only whether actual services were rendered,” the majority wrote.
“Thus, the title companies' payments were not unlawful.”</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The next example of a
recent court decision that limits regulatory oversight is the decision of Judge
Eileen Rakower of the Manhattan Supreme Court of July 6, 2018. In the case of
the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">New York Land Title Association v.
the New York Department of Finance</i>, Judge Rakower found that regulations
adopted by the DFS were overly broad and therefore invalid. This case dealt
with title insurance company’s practice of giving gifts of meals, event
tickets, hotel rooms, and other perks to real estate brokers, bankers,
attorneys and others who provided title insurance orders to title
companies.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Department took the
position that these gifts were things of value that increased premiums to
consumers and amounted to unpermitted referral fees or kickbacks. The rules preventing
such gifts had gone into effect earlier this year and were an attempt to lower
real estate closing costs for New York consumers. <span style="background: white;">The
Court thus struck down a state regulation that prevented title insurers from
passing along marketing and client-relation expenses to customers.</span> See
https://www.law.com/newyorklawjournal/2018/07/06/supreme-court-strikes-down-ny-title-insurance-regulation/
</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“To construe [the law] in this manner is to
hold that the Legislature intended to prohibit title insurance corporations
from marketing themselves for business is an absurd proposition," Judge Rakower
wrote, validating many of the arguments made by title insurers and lawmakers
who attempted to defang the regulations through legislation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In the third case, a
federal district judge ruled on June 21, 2018 that the structure of the
Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) violates the Constitution,
countering a January ruling from a federal appeals court.</span></div>
<h1 style="background: white; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; font-weight: normal;">Judge
Loretta Preska of the Southern District of New York (a Republican judge), in the
case of Consumer Financial Protection Bureau et al v. RD Legal Funding LLC et
al (No. 1:2017cv00890 - Document 80, S.D.N.Y. 2018) ruled that the CFPB’s
creation as an independent agency with a director that could only be dismissed
for wrongdoing was unconstitutional.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In
her written opinion, Judge Preska noted that the Bureau was virtually free from
Congressional or Executive oversight and was in fact created as another branch
of government not permitted by the Constitution.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, this decision conflicts with an
earlier decision by the Court of Appeals of the District of Columbia which
found that the President’s ability to fire the CFPB Director at will was
sufficient oversight to make its structure constitutional.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Judge Preska failed to mention the United
States Supreme Court’s reasoning in May of this year in Murphy vs. NCAA which discussed
the issue and inferred most judges feel that it would be more logical to rule
on specific CFPB actions or powers than to find the entire Act unconstitutional.</span></h1>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">These three post-election
decisions highlight the differences in attitude concerning business regulation
between the previous and current administrations. The CFPB was originally
staffed by Senator Elizabeth Warren of Massachusetts while President Trump
recently appointed his choice to lead the Bureau.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Mr. Blanchard pointed out
that, “Future court decisions including a determination by the United States
Supreme Court will determine if this trend continues.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>An appeal of the conflicting findings by
Judge Preska and the DC Court could determine that the Dodd Frank Wall Street
Reform and Consumer Financial Protection Act is unconstitutional as currently
structured.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Presumably the political
make-up of the Supreme Court will be more conservative with a second
appointment by President Trump.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>All
factors point to another point of contention between Republicans and Democrats
after the mid-term elections.”</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Mr. Blanchard received his
Juris Doctor from DePaul University College of Law in 1972 and was admitted to
the practice of law in Illinois in 1973.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>He graduated with his B.S. in Business Administration from Southern
Illinois University. More news from William Blanchard are at https://attorneygazette.com/william-blanchard%2C-esq#40b43d7b-94b2-48d3-b055-1979a636f1e7</span></div>
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**** Mr. William B. Blanchard (“Bill Blanchard”) is a Real Estate Attorney with offices in St. Charles and Oakbrook Terrace, Illinois. Bill specializes in representing real estate clients for purchases and sales as well as home owner real estate tax assessment appeals. Mr. Blanchard is General Counsel for Gaia Title, Inc. a title insurance agency and settlement services provider. The Company is owned by real estate attorneys who demand exemplary title insurance services and accurate and efficient settlement services. As General Counsel he is responsible for title examination, commitment and policy review, escrow settlement supervision and regulatory review. - Attorney Profile: https://solomonlawguild.com/william-b-blanchard%2C-esq - Attorney News: https://attorneygazette.com/william-blanchard%2C-esq#40b43d7b-94b2-48d3-b055-1979a636f1e7
William B. Blanchardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02534739678331560264noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8712163583283675416.post-40675476897688715242018-07-14T14:55:00.005-07:002018-07-15T12:14:00.289-07:00In action to enforce damage judgment against Iranian real estate in the U.S. , Second Circuit holds that Section 201(a) of Terrorism Risk Insurance Act (TRIA) provides subject matter jurisdiction over post‑judgment execution and attachment against a judgment‑debtor, even when judgment did not name Iran as defendant <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b>In action to enforce damage judgment against Iranian real
estate in the U.S. , Second Circuit holds that Section 201(a) of Terrorism Risk
Insurance Act (TRIA) provides subject matter jurisdiction over post‑judgment
execution and attachment against a judgment‑debtor, even when judgment did not
name Iran as defendant </b><br />
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Ira Weinstein, a U.S. citizen, was severely injured during a
suicide bombing in Jerusalem in February 1996. The bomber belonged to Hamas
known as terrorist organization. Weinstein later died as a result of the
injuries. His widow and his children, as well as the co‑administrator of the
estate (Plaintiffs) sued the Islamic Republic of Iran as well as several
Iranian government agencies and officials which allegedly financed Hamas
attacks. Iran failed to appear, and the U.S. District Court for the District of
Columbia entered a $183 million default judgment.<br />
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The Plaintiffs registered the judgment in the U.S. District
Court for the Eastern District of New York in 2002, and identified the
Respondent Bank Melli Iran (Bank Melli) as a possible instrumentality of Iran.
The District Court eventually determined that Bank Melli’s accounts were
unattachable.</div>
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In 2007, one of the Plaintiff‑creditors, Jennifer Weinstein
Hazi moved for the appointment of a receiver pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 69 and
New York Civil Practice Law and Rules Section 5228(a), to sell certain Bank
Melli real estate in New York. Hazi argued that Bank Melli had been designated
by the U.S. Department of Treasury, Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) a
“proliferat[or] of weapons of mass destruction,” and so its assets were frozen.
See Executive Order 13,382 (2005). Thus, the Bank Melli real estate was subject
to attachment under the Terrorism Risk Insurance Act of 2002 (TRIA), Section
201(a), Public L. No. 107‑297, 116 Stat. 2322, 2337, 28 U.S.C. Section 1610
note.<br />
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Bank Melli moved to dismiss contending [1] that the
attachment and sale violates the U.S.‑Iran Treaty of Amity, and [2] it
constitutes a taking without just compensation. The District Court granted the
Plaintiffs’ motion for appointment of a receiver to attach the property to
satisfy the prior judgment, but stayed the matter during the pendency of this
appeal. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit affirms.</div>
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The Court first addresses Bank Melli’s argument that the
District Court lacked jurisdiction. “The Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act
(FSIA), 28 U.S.C. § 1602 et seq., provides the exclusive basis for subject
matter jurisdiction over all civil actions against foreign state defendants, and
therefore for a court to exercise subject matter jurisdiction over a defendant
the action must fall within one of the FSIA’s exceptions to foreign sovereign
immunity. .... In the underlying action that gave rise to the judgment on which
Plaintiff now seeks to collect, the district court exercised subject matter
jurisdiction over Iran and the other defendants under 28 U.S.C. § 1605(a)(7),
which [1] abrogates immunity for those foreign states officially designated as
state sponsors of terrorism by the Department of State [2] where the foreign
state commits a terrorist act or provides material support for the commission
of a terrorist act and the act results in the death or personal injury of a
United States citizen. ... When such an exception applies, ‘the foreign state
shall be liable in the same manner and to the same extent as a private
individual under like circumstances....’ 28 U.S.C. § 1606 ...”</div>
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“Bank Melli was not itself a defendant in the underlying
action. However, the FSIA has a separate section, Section 1609, that provides
that, where a valid judgment has been entered against a foreign sovereign,
property of that foreign state is immune from attachment and execution except
as provided in the subsequent sections, Sections 1610 and 1611. 28 U.S.C. § 1609.
Section 201(a) of the TRIA, codified as a note to Section 1610 of the FSIA,
provides as follows: ‘Notwithstanding any other provision of law, and except as
provided in subsection (b), in every case in which a person has obtained a
judgment against a terrorist party on a claim based on an act of terrorism, or
for which a terrorist party is not immune under [28 U.S.C. § 1605(a)(7)], the
blocked assets of that terrorist party (including the blocked assets of any
agency or instrumentality of that terrorist party) shall be subject to
execution or attachment in the aid of execution in order to satisfy such
judgment to the extent of any compensatory damages for which such terrorist
party has been adjudged liable.’ TRIA § 201(a), 116 Stat. at 2337 (emphasis supplied).”</div>
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“The parties do not dispute that each of the elements of
Section 201(a) is satisfied here. Iran has been designated a terrorist party
pursuant to section 6(j) of the Export Administration Act of 1979, 50 U.S.C.
App. § 2405(j), beginning January 19, 1984, ... and therefore is a ‘terrorist
party’ as defined by TRIA § 201(d)(4), 116 Stat. at 2340. The district court in
the underlying action found jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1605(a)(7), and thus
Iran was not immune from jurisdiction in the original proceeding. ... Bank
Melli’s assets were ‘blocked’ as of October 2007, designated as such pursuant
to Executive Order 13,382 and 50 U.S.C. §§ 1701, 1702. Finally, Bank Melli
concedes that it is an instrumentality of Iran.” [Slip Op. 6‑8]</div>
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Bank Melli presents the novel response that TRIA Section
201(a) does not provide jurisdiction over an instrumentality of a sovereign
state when the instrumentality was not itself a party to the underlying tort
action. The Court disagrees. Section 201(a) clearly states that “in every case
in which a person has obtained a judgment against a terrorist party..., the
blocked assets of that terrorist party (including the blocked assets of any
agency or instrumentality of that terrorist party) shall be subject to execution
or attachment....” TRIA § 201(a) (emphasis added). If Bank Melli’s
interpretation were correct, the parenthetical language in Section 201(a) would
be superfluous because the instrumentality would itself have been a “terrorist
party” against whom the underlying judgment was issued. Therefore, it is clear
that Section 201(a) provides subject matter jurisdiction over post‑judgment
execution and attachment against a judgment‑debtor, even when held by an agency
or instrumentality which is not named in the judgment.</div>
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Bank Melli next challenges the constitutionality of TRIA as
applied to this case. The underlying judgment in this case dates from 2002.
TRIA was enacted later in 2002, and Bank Melli was designated a “proliferat[or]
of weapons of mass destruction” only years later. According to the Bank, the
court should not apply TRIA retroactively. Again the Court disagrees. </div>
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TRIA merely overruled the Supreme Court’s opinion in First
Nat’l City Bank v. Banco Para El Comercio Exterior de Cuba, 462 U.S. 611, 627‑28
(1983) (Bancec). There the Supreme Court found that “duly created
instrumentalities of a foreign state are to be accorded a presumption of
independent status.” Id. at 627. This ruling had nothing to do with the
rendering of the judgment itself. TRIA simply renders a judgment more readily
enforceable against a related third party. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Court then addresses Bank Melli’s arguments based on the
Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations and Consular Rights, U.S.‑Iran (August 15,
1955, 8 U.S.T. 899). Articles III and IV provide that both countries recognize
the juridical status of companies, and that property of citizens and companies
shall be protected. The intent of such treaties is to recognize the status of
companies in the signatory countries and thus put them on equal footing with
domestic companies. Such treaty provisions do not imply special protection of
any company’s assets.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
After rejecting the remainder of Bank Melli’s arguments, the
Court grants the motion [1] to appoint a receiver to attach the property at
issue and [2] to sell it in partial satisfaction of the judgment against Iran.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Citation: </b>Weinstein v. Islamic Republic of Iran, No.
09‑3034‑cv (2d Cir. June 15, 2010).</div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
**** Mr. William B. Blanchard (“Bill Blanchard”) is a Real Estate Attorney with offices in St. Charles and Oakbrook Terrace, Illinois. Bill specializes in representing real estate clients for purchases and sales as well as home owner real estate tax assessment appeals. Mr. Blanchard is General Counsel for Gaia Title, Inc. a title insurance agency and settlement services provider. The Company is owned by real estate attorneys who demand exemplary title insurance services and accurate and efficient settlement services. As General Counsel he is responsible for title examination, commitment and policy review, escrow settlement supervision and regulatory review. - Attorney Profile: https://solomonlawguild.com/william-b-blanchard%2C-esq - Attorney News: https://attorneygazette.com/william-blanchard%2C-esq#40b43d7b-94b2-48d3-b055-1979a636f1e7
William B. Blanchardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02534739678331560264noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8712163583283675416.post-1036510962091554422018-07-14T14:55:00.003-07:002018-07-15T12:13:39.423-07:00In interpreting jurisdiction clauses in complex contract litigation over collateralized debt (real estate backed security) obligations where one party has sued in New York courts and opposing party has invoked jurisdiction of English courts over similar issues, Court of Appeal (Civil Division) upholds lower court’s ruling that rejected resort to English courts<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div class="WordSection1">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>In interpreting jurisdiction clauses in complex contract
litigation over collateralized debt (real estate backed security) obligations
where one party has sued in New York courts and opposing party has invoked
jurisdiction of English courts over similar issues, Court of Appeal (Civil
Division) upholds lower court’s ruling that rejected resort to English courts</b><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
This appeal turns on the construction of jurisdiction
clauses. The principal issue is whether the English jurisdiction clause in one
of the documents recording the complex transaction between the parties applies
to the claims in the action in England for the negative declaration. The
English court of first instance concluded that it did not.<br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
This dispute concerns derivatives in relation to the
property market, or Collateralized Debt Obligations (CDOs). The contractual
documentation in this matter consists of more than 500 pages; its size and
complexity, which is no doubt duplicated in many other transactions, make it
easier to understand, if not to excuse, why many senior banking figures
throughout the world had little understanding of this market and of the very
high risks their institutions were undertaking.</div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="WordSection2">
<div class="MsoNormal">
HSH Nordbank AG (HSH) is a commercial bank incorporated in
Germany with dual headquarters in Hamburg and Kiel. The first claimant, UBS AG,
is incorporated in Switzerland, where it has its head office, and has
substantial offices worldwide, including in New York and London. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The second claimant, UBS Securities LLC (UBS LLC), is an
affiliate of UBS. It is incorporated in the United States and has its principal
place of business here. The appellate court generally refers to either or both
of them as “UBS.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The relevant transactions took place in 2002/2003 between
UBS and LB Kiel. HSH has assumed all material assets, rights and obligations of
LB Kiel, and it is in that capacity that HSH has sued UBS in New York state
court and is being sued by UBS in England. HSH is domiciled in Germany for the
purposes of Council Regulation 44/2001 on jurisdiction and the recognition and
enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters (the Brussels I
Regulation).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
UBS filed its English action for negative declaratory relief
against HSH on February 25, 2008, in anticipation of proceedings which HSH was
going to lodge against UBS in New York later the same day. In its complaint,
HSH alleged mis‑selling and mismanagement of the securities which were the
subject of the complex arrangements between the parties. The original complaint
relied on the following causes of action: breach of contract; fraud; negligent
misrepresentation; breach of fiduciary duty; breach of an implied covenant of
good faith and fair dealing; unjust enrichment; and constructive trust.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The only possible basis for the jurisdiction of the English
court is the jurisdiction clause in one of the agreements in the CDO
transaction. HSH applied in the English proceedings for an order that the
English court had no jurisdiction to try UBS’s claim in the English
proceedings. In the alternative, HSH asked the court to stay any exercise
jurisdiction on forum non conveniens grounds. The Judge below decided that the
English court did not have jurisdiction in respect of the claims made in the
English proceedings, and that there was no need to rule on the alternative
application for a stay.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The only point of the English proceedings is to pre‑empt any
decision of the New York court in the proceedings brought there by the
Defendants in the English proceedings. If the relevant claims (for fraudulent
and negligent misrepresentation) in the New York proceedings do not stand, the
English proceedings become pointless. UBS moved the New York court for an order
(1) dismissing the complaint on substantive grounds, and alternatively (2)
dismissing or staying the action on jurisdictional grounds.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The New York judge acceded in part to UBS’s motion to
dismiss. HSH, however, has revived some of the relevant claims in an amended
complaint; that is itself the subject of a further motion to dismiss by UBS on
the ground of the res judicata effect of the New York court’s prior judgment. .
That court has heard – but not yet decided – that motion.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Kiel wished to invest in real estate related credit and
asset backed securities. At the time of the transaction in March 2002, the
market evaluated these as outperforming similarly rated corporate securities.
As a result, LB Kiel invested in a multiple tranche synthetic CDO. [tranche
means “slice” in French].</div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="WordSection3">
<div class="MsoNormal">
A CDO is a financial structure at the center of which a
special purpose vehicle (SPV) issues tranches of debt securities, the
performance of which is linked to a portfolio of assets. The SPV may either
hold the underlying assets (a cash CDO) or accept exposure to assets such as
corporate bonds or asset‑backed securities via a credit default swap (CDS) with
a financial counterparty (a synthetic CDO). The performance of CDOs is linked
or “referenced” to the pool of underlying bonds or securities, the “Reference
Pool”.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In a synthetic CDO, the issuer may (as in the present case)
invest the proceeds of CDOs issued in a portfolio of high quality, typically
AAA‑rated assets (collateral); investors use those collateral assets to
generate income to make coupon (interest) payments on the CDOs. In the case of
a default of any of the Reference Pool to which the SPV is exposed, it serves
to pay the financial counter party the loss due under the CDS. On each occasion
on which one of the assets in the Reference Pool defaults or is subject to some
other credit event (such as a downgrading of its credit rating), then a payment
becomes due from the SPV to the financial institution under the CDS.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
At the same time, the default correspondingly reduces the
principal and interest due from the SPV to the CDO note holder. CDO notes are
usually issued in different classes, as a means of allocating the losses
sequentially commencing with the most “junior” tranche of notes. When the
original principal amount of such class of notes are written down to zero, and
then losses are allocated to the next “higher” tranche of notes, until the entire
capital structure is exhausted or the maturity date of the CDO notes occurs.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In actively managed CDOs, one of the parties to the
transaction commonly has the right to alter the composition of the Reference
Pool. Such a right potentially increases the risk for the holder of the CDO
note. This is particularly true if the party with the right to alter the
composition of the Reference Pool has an economic interest in the transaction,
as in the present case.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In this case UBS set up the SPV as the financial institution
under the CDS while LB Kiel was the original holder of the CDO Notes issued by
the SPV. The SPV used for the issue of the credit linked notes was a Cayman
Islands [in West Indies] company set up by UBS called North Street Referenced
Linked Notes, 2002‑4 Ltd (NS4). NS4 issued three categories of notes in U.S.
dollars. The first category comprised $500 million of floating rate notes of
classes A to D (the NS4 Notes). LB Kiel received the NS4 Notes which provided
credit protection to UBS against certain credit risks in relation to the
Reference Pool; it amounted to a pool of international assets selected by UBS
with an emphasis on U.S. commercial and residential real estate backed bonds
and other asset‑backed securities.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The CDS with NS4 gave UBS the right to alter the Reference
Pool within certain parameters. The effect was that LB Kiel provided credit
protection to UBS in the event of defaults which would result in reductions in
the principal amounts of the NS4 Notes. </div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="WordSection4">
<div class="MsoNormal">
UBS was the manager responsible to allocate and substitute
assets in the Reference Pool. It was also the direct recipient of any payments
from the SPV due to credit events in respect of securities in the Reference
Pool. Accordingly, in order to protect LB Kiel, LB Kiel and UBS joined the
Reference Pool Side Agreement (RPSA) as a condition of buying the CDO Notes.
The RPSA created obligations for UBS in connection with UBS’s management,
selection, and substitution of securities in the Reference Pool. In return, LB
Kiel issued to UBS $500 million of puttable (i.e. redeemable on certain
conditions) medium term notes (the Kiel MTN Notes) under LB Kiel’s existing MIN
program.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
There had for some years been in existence a program which
had been agreed between LB Kiel and its Dutch subsidiary, LB Schleswig‑Holstein
Finance BV (LB Finance’) and a group of banks (the Dealers), which included
UBS. On September 11, 2001, the parties signed an amended and restated program
agreement (the Program Agreement or PA). The PA set out terms and conditions
which would apply if either LB Kiel or LB Finance agreed with any Dealer for
the issue and purchase of notes.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The normal practice would then be for the Dealer to sell the
Notes in the secondary market. An information memorandum also dated September
11, 2001 (the Information Memorandum or IM) set out the terms and conditions of
Euro Notes. The Kiel MTN Notes fall within this category. Condition 19(a)
provided that English law would govern the Notes. and by clause 19(b) there was
a jurisdiction clause partially in these terms: </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“The Issuer agrees, for the exclusive benefit of the Agents,
the Noteholders, the Receiptholders and the Couponholders that the courts of
England are to have jurisdiction to settle any disputes which may arise out of
or in connection with the Agency Agreement, the Notes, the Receipts and/or the
Coupons and that accordingly any suit, action or proceedings arising out of or
in connection with the Agency Agreement, the Notes, the Receipts and the
Coupons (together referred to as ‘ Proceedings’) may be brought in such
courts.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
On January 23, 2002 UBS and LB Kiel signed a letter
agreement (the Letter Agreement or LA). It confirmed the purchase by LB Kiel of
what became the NS4 Notes subject to acceptable documentation. New York law was
to govern the LA but it did not expressly deal with jurisdiction.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
UBS and NS4 next entered into a credit swap. Under it, UBS
bought credit default protection from NS4 with respect to the Reference Pool as
described in the Offering Circular. English substantive law was to govern it
and it contained a non‑exclusive English jurisdiction clause. The RPSA,
however, was subject to New York law and contained a non‑exclusive New York
jurisdiction clause.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
On March 5 2002, LB Kiel issued to UBS $500 million of Kiel
MTN Notes. They were redeemable in that the principal amount of each note with
accrued interest would become payable to a note holder on any business day at
the note holder’s option subject to written notice being given 5 business days
in advance.</div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="WordSection5">
<div class="MsoNormal">
The other March 5 document was a “Dealer’s Confirmation”
signed by UBS AG. It ended up with a jurisdiction clause which read: “Subject
as provided in this sub‑clause (2), the parties hereby irrevocably agree that
the courts of England are to have exclusive jurisdiction to settle any disputes
which may arise out of, or in connection with, this Agreement and the parties
accordingly submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the English courts for any
suit, action or proceedings arising out of, or in connection with, this
Agreement (together referred to as Proceedings).” </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
After the court’s dismissal of most counts, HSH filed an
Amended Complaint in the New York proceedings on December 10, 2008. There are
now four causes of action in the New York complaint: (1) breach of the
contract; (2) fraudulent misrepresentation; (3) negligent misrepresentation;
(4) breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
On January 16, 2009, UBS moved to dismiss the
misrepresentation claims in the Amended Complaint. The New York court heard the
matter in April 2009 and that court should rule on it in the autumn.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Relying substantially on Article 23 of the Brussels I
Regulation, the English Court of Appeal (Civil Division) dismisses the English
appeal. It was common ground that HSH is domiciled in Germany for the purposes
of the Brussels I Regulation, and that the only possible basis for jurisdiction
in the English action is the jurisdiction clauses in the Dealer’s Confirmation
and the Kiel MTN Notes But nothing turns on the jurisdiction clause in the Kiel
MTN Notes, since they passed immediately to NS4. It is therefore the Dealer’s
Confirmation which was the focus of the trial judge’s decision and of this
appeal.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The question on this issue is whether the claims in the draft
particulars of claim fall within the Dealer’s Confirmation jurisdiction clause,
with the consequence that the English court has jurisdiction under Article 23
of the Brussels I Regulation. It provides that: ‘If the parties, one or more of
whom is domiciled in a Member State, have agreed that a court or the courts of
a Member State are to have jurisdiction to settle any disputes which have
arisen or which may arise in connection with a particular legal relationship,
that court or those courts shall have jurisdiction. Such jurisdiction shall be
exclusive unless the parties have agreed otherwise.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In a unanimous affirmance of the court below, the Court of
Appeal (Civil Division) explains its rationale. “UBS’s arguments [in this
appeal] are essentially these. It accepts that a claim for post‑inception
breaches of the RPSA would be outside the scope of the Dealer’s Confirmation
jurisdiction clause. That would include the first and fourth causes of action
in the amended New York complaint.”[¶ 56].</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“The proper approach to the construction of clauses agreeing
jurisdiction is to construe them widely and generously, and the words ‘arising
out of’ or ‘in connection with’ apply to claims arising from pre‑inception
matters such as misrepresentation.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“The Dealer’s Confirmation jurisdiction clause had been
specially renegotiated to provide expressly for the exclusive jurisdiction of
the English court. If the parties had intended to give it a narrower scope,
they would have done so. They must have envisaged the risk of a clash, and
could have avoided it. The meaning of the clause is to be determined as at the
time it was entered into and not by reference to later events .” [¶¶ 60‑61].</div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="WordSection6">
<div class="MsoNormal">
“In determining which contract a dispute arises from, or in
connection with, in a multi‑contract situation, a degree of common sense is
appropriate: ... The parties entered into different agreements for different
aspects of an overall relationship, with different terms as to jurisdiction.
All matters relating to the CDO Note, including the Note itself (as set out in
the Indenture), the Letter Agreement and the RPSA, are [made expressly] subject
to the laws of New York. All those agreements contain submissions to the
jurisdiction of the courts of New York, except for the Letter Agreement, which
is silent as to jurisdiction and would not entitle UBS to sue HSH in England.”</div>
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“The question on this part of the appeal is whether the
claims in the English action fall within the jurisdiction agreement in the
Dealer’s Confirmation. That question turns on whether, in the light of the
complex documentation as a whole, the parties should be taken objectively to
have intended by the jurisdiction clause in the Dealer’s Confirmation that,
when a dispute arose as to whether the transaction as a whole was induced by
fraudulent or negligent misrepresentation, the issue whether the issue and
transfer of the Kiel MTN Notes was so induced should be subject to the
exclusive jurisdiction of the English courts, while the question whether the
conclusion of the other agreements was induced by the same alleged
misrepresentations should be subject to the non‑exclusive jurisdiction of the
New York courts. The claim form in the English proceedings makes no mention of
the Dealer’s Confirmation.” [¶¶ 71‑73].</div>
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“Plainly the parties did not actually contemplate at the
time of the conclusion of the contracts that there would be litigation in two
countries involving allegations of misrepresentation in the inception and
performance of the agreements. But, in my judgment, sensible business people
would not have intended that a dispute of this kind would have been within the
scope of two inconsistent jurisdiction agreements. The agreements were all
connected and part of one package, and it seems to me plain that the result for
which UBS contends would be a wholly uncommercial result and one that sensible
business people cannot have intended.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“It is fanciful to suppose (as UBS contends) that the
Dealer’s Confirmation jurisdiction clause had been specially renegotiated to
provide expressly for the exclusive jurisdiction of the English court to deal
with disputes of this kind, or that the parties must have envisaged the risk of
a clash.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“The Dealer’s Confirmation is expressed to be issued
pursuant to LB Kiel’s US$20 billion Global Medium Term Note Programme and
simply confirms the issue of the US$500 Kiel MTN Notes to UBS as one of the
dealers on HSH’s bond programme. UBS immediately transferred them to NS4. NS4
kept the Kiel MTN Notes as an investment or ‘collateral’ to create income in
order to fund payments under the NS4 Notes.” [¶¶ 84‑86].</div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<br />
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“The New York complaint alleges, inter alia, that (a) UBS
induced HSH to purchase the NS4 Notes by misrepresentations concerning the
credit quality of the Reference Pool to which payments under the NS4 Notes were
linked; (b) UBS failed to operate a Commitments Committee, as required by the
RPSA, so as to select Reference Pool assets with stable or improving credit
profiles, carefully monitor the credit status and quality of each asset, and avoid
downgrades. As Justice Lowe stated in his decision of October 21, 2008: ‘HSH’s
overarching claim is that UBS failed to maintain the promised high quality of
the notes in the Reference Pool, by failing to ensure that the Commitments
Committee keep an eye on the condition of the investments.’” [¶ 89].</div>
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“Whether a jurisdiction clause applies to a dispute is a
question of construction. Where there are numerous jurisdiction agreements
which may overlap, the parties must be presumed to be acting commercially, and
not to intend that similar claims should be the subject of inconsistent
jurisdiction clauses. The jurisdiction clause in the Dealer’s Confirmation is a
‘boilerplate’ bond issue jurisdiction clause, and is primarily intended to deal
with technical banking disputes. Where the parties have entered into a complex
transaction, it is the jurisdiction clauses in the agreements which are at the
commercial centre of the transaction which the parties must have intended to
apply to such claims as are made in the New York complaint and reflected in the
draft particulars of claim in England.” [¶ 95].</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“The action in England is intended to mirror the New York
proceedings. I have already emphasised that the essence of the claims for
misrepresentation in New York is that HSH was induced to purchase the NS4 Notes
in reliance on the fraudulent and negligent misrepresentations, and would not
have purchased them in the absence of those representations. No sensible
commercial interpretation of the jurisdiction clause in the Dealer’s
Confirmation could have the result that identical misrepresentation claims
would fall both within that clause and within the non‑exclusive New York
jurisdiction clauses, simply because the consideration for the transaction was
the issue of the Kiel MTN Notes. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In my judgment the standard form bond issue jurisdiction
clause in the Dealer’s Confirmation does not apply to claims that the
transaction as a whole, and in particular the purchase of the NS4 Notes, was
induced by misrepresentation. I am satisfied that the judge’s decision [below]
was right.”[¶ 97] Both of my colleagues agree with this opinion. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Citation: </b>UBS AG v. HSH Nordbank AG, [2009] E.W.C.A.
Civ. 585; 2009 WL 1657158 (June 18, 2009).</div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
**** Mr. William B. Blanchard (“Bill Blanchard”) is a Real Estate Attorney with offices in St. Charles and Oakbrook Terrace, Illinois. Bill specializes in representing real estate clients for purchases and sales as well as home owner real estate tax assessment appeals. Mr. Blanchard is General Counsel for Gaia Title, Inc. a title insurance agency and settlement services provider. The Company is owned by real estate attorneys who demand exemplary title insurance services and accurate and efficient settlement services. As General Counsel he is responsible for title examination, commitment and policy review, escrow settlement supervision and regulatory review. - Attorney Profile: https://solomonlawguild.com/william-b-blanchard%2C-esq - Attorney News: https://attorneygazette.com/william-blanchard%2C-esq#40b43d7b-94b2-48d3-b055-1979a636f1e7
William B. Blanchardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02534739678331560264noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8712163583283675416.post-48739674262294749822018-07-14T14:55:00.001-07:002018-07-15T12:13:18.717-07:00EU issues sweeping directive to control money laundering and terrorist financing.<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b>EU issues sweeping directive
to control money laundering and terrorist financing.</b> The European Union
(EU) has issued Directive 2005/60/EC on the prevention of the use of the
financial system for the purpose of money laundering and terrorist financing.
It requires the EU Member States to prohibit money laundering and terrorist
financing through, for example, financial institutions, legal professionals,
tax advisors, real estate agents, trading companies, and casinos. The specific
provisions include: (1) Financial institutions must not maintain anonymous
accounts (Article 6); (2) all covered institutions and individuals must apply
customer due diligence when establishing business relationships, including
identifying customer identity and scrutinizing transactions (Article 8); (3)
Casinos must identify customers who purchase EURO 2,000 or more in gambling
chips (Article 10). The EU Member States must implement this directive by
December 15, 2007. – A “directive” must be implemented by the EU Member States
to be effective. <b>Citation:</b> 2005 O.J. of the European Union (L 309) 15,
25 November 2005.</div>
<br />
**** Mr. William B. Blanchard (“Bill Blanchard”) is a Real Estate Attorney with offices in St. Charles and Oakbrook Terrace, Illinois. Bill specializes in representing real estate clients for purchases and sales as well as home owner real estate tax assessment appeals. Mr. Blanchard is General Counsel for Gaia Title, Inc. a title insurance agency and settlement services provider. The Company is owned by real estate attorneys who demand exemplary title insurance services and accurate and efficient settlement services. As General Counsel he is responsible for title examination, commitment and policy review, escrow settlement supervision and regulatory review. - Attorney Profile: https://solomonlawguild.com/william-b-blanchard%2C-esq - Attorney News: https://attorneygazette.com/william-blanchard%2C-esq#40b43d7b-94b2-48d3-b055-1979a636f1e7
William B. Blanchardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02534739678331560264noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8712163583283675416.post-41643035767718790852018-07-14T14:54:00.008-07:002018-07-15T12:12:58.622-07:00Where default judgment against Iran under 28 U.S.C. 1605(a)(7) of FSIA turned out to be unenforceable, and claimant had chosen compensation under Victims Protection Act (VPA), D.C. Circuit holds that claimant had thereby relinquished his claims to Iranian real estate assets which U.S. is regulating under IEEPA<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
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<b>Where default judgment against
Iran under 28 U.S.C. 1605(a)(7) of FSIA turned out to be unenforceable, and
claimant had chosen compensation under Victims Protection Act (VPA), D.C.
Circuit holds that claimant had thereby relinquished his claims to Iranian real
estate assets which U.S. is regulating under IEEPA</b> </div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
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Stephen Flatow obtained a $225
million default judgment, including compensatory and punitive damages, against
the Government of Iran and several Iranian officials under 28 U.S.C. Section
1607(a)(7) of the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act of 1976 (FSIA). The claims
arose from the death of 20-year-old Alisa Flatow in April 1995 after a suicide
bomber of the Islamic Jihad had driven a van with explosives into her bus in
the Gaza Strip. Although Iran allegedly sponsors this extremist group, Flatow
could not collect on his judgment.<br />
</div>
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On October 28, 2000, the Victims
of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000, [Pub.L. No. 106-386, 114
Stat. 1464 (2000)] (VPA) became law to provide compensation for certain victims
of terrorist acts. Flatow received more than $26 million under the VPA.<br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
The VPA offers claimants two
payment options. The first is equivalent to 110 percent of the compensatory
damages awarded by a court under 28 U.S.C. Section 1605(a)(7) plus
post-judgment interest. The recipient, however, has to give up all rights and
claims to punitive damages.<br />
</div>
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The second option is 100 percent
of the judicially awarded compensatory damages under 28 U.S.C. Section
1605(a)(7) plus post-judgment interest. Here, the claimant must surrender all
rights to execute against, or attach, all property at issue in claims against
the U.S. before an international tribunal. In a later Federal Register notice,
the U.S. Treasury (UST) explained that the law bars those claimants who choose
the 100 percent option from attaching almost all Iranian assets held by the
U.S. government (See 65 Fed. Reg. 70382, 70384, Nov. 22, 2000). </div>
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Flatow elected the second option,
and sought post-judgment interest from the UST on the punitive damages award.
The district court denied Flatow’s motion to compel this latter payment. In
June 1998, Flatow served a third-party subpoena on the UST pursuant to
Fed.R.Civ.P. 45, seeking information on regulated Iranian assets. </div>
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The UST first objected to the
broad scope of the subpoena. After Flatow had chosen option two, the UST
additionally asked the court to narrow the subpoena to reflect that Flatow had
given up his rights to attach such assets under the VPA. </div>
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Flatow also tried to levy upon
three parcels of Iranian real estate in Washington, D.C., held by the U.S.
Department of State (DOS) since 1980. The district court, however, contracted
the scope of Flatow’s subpoena to exclude Iranian property regulated by the
U.S. </div>
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The DOS then filed a “Statement
of Interest” explaining (1) that the Iranian properties in question are immune
from attachment under the Foreign Missions Act [22 U.S.C. Section 4301-4316]
and the FSIA, (2) that Executive Order 12170 [44 Fed. Reg. 65729, Nov. 15,
1979] has “blocked” them , and (3) that they are the subject of ongoing
proceedings in the Iran-U.S. Claims Tribunal.</div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
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Upon review, the U.S. Court of
Appeals for the D.C. Circuit dismisses the claim for post-judgment interest for
lack of jurisdiction. The Court, however, affirms the district court’s
interpretation of what constitutes “regulated” Iranian property under the
International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA) [50 U.S.C. Sections
1701-1702].</div>
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As for Flatow’s claim for
interest on the punitive damages, the Court finds that it has no jurisdiction
to consider this effort to compel the U. S., a non-party. Moreover, the
district court was wrong to hold that Flatow had waived his right to recover
such interest by electing the 100 percent option. Therefore, the Court vacates
the district court’s ruling on the merits of that claim.</div>
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“Flatow never named the United
States or any agency or officer of the federal government as a defendant in his
tort action against Iran under the FSIA. He does not claim to have served the
United States or the [UST] with a summons, much less to have made a demand on
the [UST] for post-judgment interest on his punitive damages award prior to
filing his motion to compel payment. Nor did Flatow amend his complaint to add
the United States as a party, and the district court docket does not indicate
that the United States was added as a party through joinder or intervention.”</div>
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“Furthermore, even if the filing
of the Statement were viewed as an appearance by the United States, [cite] it
clearly was a limited appearance, focusing on the attachments and not the
merits of the underlying tort action. In addition, the United States presented
a jurisdictional objection to Flatow’s motion to compel. ... Under the
circumstances, the United States took no action that subjected it to the
general jurisdiction of the district court.” [Slip op. 8-9]</div>
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The Court then turns to Flatow’s
claim that the district court had improperly limited the subpoena. The scope of
Flatow’s rights under 28 U.S.C. Section 1610(f)(1)(A) depends on the meaning of
“transactions [that] are prohibited or regulated” under IEEPA. The Court
concludes that the lower court had properly fenced in the subpoena to exclude
Iranian property subject to license by the U.S. government.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
“Acting pursuant to IEEPA’s
national emergency powers, President Carter, in response to the Iranian hostage
crisis, declared a national emergency on November 14, 1979, and issued a series
of Executive Orders that, among other things, blocked the removal or transfer
of all Iranian property subject to U.S. jurisdiction. ... The President
authorized the [UST] to promulgate regulations carrying out the blocking
order.” </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
“Consequently, the Department’s
Office of Foreign Assets Control Regulations (“FAC”) administers two regulatory
programs involving Iranian property ... Such property may not be transferred,
paid, exported, withdrawn, or otherwise dealt in except as provided by FAC.
...” </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
“Pursuant to the Algiers Accords,
the [UST] established a general license that authorized post-1981 transactions
‘in which Iran or an Iranian entity has an interest.’ ... The fact that a
transaction is authorized by an FAC. license confirms that it is ‘regulated’ by
IEEPA and by regulations or licenses issued pursuant thereto.” [Slip op. 15-17]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Citation:</b> Flatow v.
Islamic Republic of Iran, No. 01-7101 (D.C. Cir. October 18, 2002).</div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
**** Mr. William B. Blanchard (“Bill Blanchard”) is a Real Estate Attorney with offices in St. Charles and Oakbrook Terrace, Illinois. Bill specializes in representing real estate clients for purchases and sales as well as home owner real estate tax assessment appeals. Mr. Blanchard is General Counsel for Gaia Title, Inc. a title insurance agency and settlement services provider. The Company is owned by real estate attorneys who demand exemplary title insurance services and accurate and efficient settlement services. As General Counsel he is responsible for title examination, commitment and policy review, escrow settlement supervision and regulatory review. - Attorney Profile: https://solomonlawguild.com/william-b-blanchard%2C-esq - Attorney News: https://attorneygazette.com/william-blanchard%2C-esq#40b43d7b-94b2-48d3-b055-1979a636f1e7
William B. Blanchardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02534739678331560264noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8712163583283675416.post-81185730337021705962018-07-14T14:54:00.006-07:002018-07-15T12:12:35.996-07:00Capacity of EU to combat terrorism is strengthened.<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
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<b>Capacity of EU to combat terrorism
is strengthened</b>. First, on December 4, 2001, the Council of Ministers and
the European Parliament approved Directive 2001/97/EC to improve the money
laundering Directive 91/308/EEC. The new Directive expands the existing
Directive to include all proceeds from serious crimes. It imposes
record-keeping requirements on additional persons such as external accountants
and auditors, real estate agents, notaries, dealers in high-value goods, and
casinos. Secondly, the EU has proposed a Council Framework Decision on
combating terrorism (COM (2001) 521 final). It would require Member States to
criminalize all acts of terrorism including the promotion of terrorist groups
and interference with information systems. Third, the EU Council has issued a
Common Position 2001/931/CFSP on the application of specific measures to fight
all forms of terrorism. It targets specific terrorist entities, such as the
Palestinian Islamic Jihad, the “Real IRA,” and the Revolutionary Nuclei.
Fourth, the EU has proposed a Council Framework Decision on a European arrest
warrant. (COM (2001) 522 final). Fifth, the EU Council issued a Common Position
on combating terrorism on December 27, 2001 (2001/930/CFSP). It summarizes the
EU’s position that all financial and other support for terrorist activities
must be interrupted, and that the EU Member States must cooperate in this area.
It urges the EU Member States to accede to existing terrorism-related
international conventions. Finally, on December 27, 2001, the Council issued
Regulation No. 2580/2001 that freezes the assets of listed persons, groups and
entities with terrorist links. Cf. Council Decision 2001/927/EC. <b>Citation:</b>
European Union in US news release No. 88/01 (November 20, 2001) [money
laundering directive]; 2001 O.J. of European Communities (C 332E), 300, 305 (27
November 2001) [proposed framework on combating terrorism & extradition
procedures]; 2002 O.J. of European Communities (L 344) 70, 83, 90, December 28,
2001 [Regulation 2580/2001, Decision 2001/927/EC, Common Position 2001/930/CFSP].</div>
<br />
**** Mr. William B. Blanchard (“Bill Blanchard”) is a Real Estate Attorney with offices in St. Charles and Oakbrook Terrace, Illinois. Bill specializes in representing real estate clients for purchases and sales as well as home owner real estate tax assessment appeals. Mr. Blanchard is General Counsel for Gaia Title, Inc. a title insurance agency and settlement services provider. The Company is owned by real estate attorneys who demand exemplary title insurance services and accurate and efficient settlement services. As General Counsel he is responsible for title examination, commitment and policy review, escrow settlement supervision and regulatory review. - Attorney Profile: https://solomonlawguild.com/william-b-blanchard%2C-esq - Attorney News: https://attorneygazette.com/william-blanchard%2C-esq#40b43d7b-94b2-48d3-b055-1979a636f1e7
William B. Blanchardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02534739678331560264noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8712163583283675416.post-50910389599991299522018-07-14T14:54:00.004-07:002018-07-15T12:12:05.945-07:00India partially lifts currency transfer restrictions for foreign investment purposes.<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "courier"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">India partially lifts currency transfer
restrictions for foreign investment purposes</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "courier"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">. India strictly controls foreign currency transfers, making it
hard for Indian companies to transfer funds out of the country. The new Foreign
Exchange Manual Act (FEMA) Regulations 2000, however, contain important changes
that will allow Indian companies to invest abroad. For example, Part I (Direct
Investment Outside India) states the general rule that no Indian resident shall
directly invest abroad, and that no Indian party shall directly invest in a
foreign entity engaged in the real estate or banking business. On the other
hand, an Indian party may now directly invest in a Joint Venture or in a wholly
owned subsidiary outside India as long as (1) the total financial investment
does not exceed U.S.$50 million, (2) the foreign entity is engaged in the same
line of business. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Citation:</b> FEMA
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<br />
**** Mr. William B. Blanchard (“Bill Blanchard”) is a Real Estate Attorney with offices in St. Charles and Oakbrook Terrace, Illinois. Bill specializes in representing real estate clients for purchases and sales as well as home owner real estate tax assessment appeals. Mr. Blanchard is General Counsel for Gaia Title, Inc. a title insurance agency and settlement services provider. The Company is owned by real estate attorneys who demand exemplary title insurance services and accurate and efficient settlement services. As General Counsel he is responsible for title examination, commitment and policy review, escrow settlement supervision and regulatory review. - Attorney Profile: https://solomonlawguild.com/william-b-blanchard%2C-esq - Attorney News: https://attorneygazette.com/william-blanchard%2C-esq#40b43d7b-94b2-48d3-b055-1979a636f1e7
William B. Blanchardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02534739678331560264noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8712163583283675416.post-26526344013805238632018-07-14T14:54:00.001-07:002018-07-15T12:11:45.171-07:00Fourth Circuit determines that presumption against extraterritoriality does not bar application of U.S. Bankruptcy Code to avoid debtor’s transfer of Bahamian realty<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Fourth Circuit determines that
presumption against extraterritoriality does not bar application of U.S.
Bankruptcy Code to avoid debtor’s transfer of Bahamian realty</b><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
In 1976, Betty Irene French (the
debtor), a resident of Maryland, bought a house in the Bahamas. At a Christmas
party in 1981 in Maryland, she gave a deed to the property to her children,
Randy Lee French and Donna Marie Shaka (the transferees). To avoid high local
transfer taxes, however, the transferees did not immediately record the deed in
the Bahamas. In the late 1990s, however, the debtor and her husband were
running into financial problems; accordingly, in mid-2000, the transferees
decided to record the deed in the Bahamas. In October 2000, Mrs. French’s
creditors filed an involuntary Chapter 7 bankruptcy petition against her in
Maryland. The bankruptcy court entered an Order for Relief in January 2001.<br />
</div>
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In August 2002, the bankruptcy
trustee filed a proceeding against the transferees to avoid the transfer of the
Bahamian property and to recover the property or its fair market value for the
benefit of the estate. The trustee alleged that the debtor and the transferees
had engaged in a constructively fraudulent transfer in breach of the Bankruptcy
Code since the debtor had been insolvent at transfer time and had not received
a reasonably equivalent value in return. See 11 U.S.C. Section
548(a)(1)(B)(2000).<br />
</div>
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The transferees moved to dismiss.
Relying on the presumption against extraterritoriality, they argued that the
court should not apply Section 548 to transfers of foreign property. The
bankruptcy court denied the motion. The trustee then moved for summary
judgment. The bankruptcy court granted it, and the district court confirmed. On
the transferees’ appeal, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit
affirms.</div>
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The Court explains. “It is a
longstanding principle of American law ‘that legislation of Congress, unless a
contrary intent appears, is meant to apply only within the territorial
jurisdiction of the United States.’” [Slip op. 3 (quoting EEOC v. Arabian Am.
Oil Co., 499 U.S. 244, 248 (1991))]. This presumption applies only when a party
seeks to apply a U.S. statute to conduct that took place beyond U.S.
territorial boundaries. </div>
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The Fourth Circuit opines that,
in determining whether a transaction is foreign or domestic, “a court should
consider whether the participants’, acts, targets, and effects involved in the
transaction at issue are primarily foreign or primarily domestic.” [Slip op. 4]
In this case, the perpetrator and most of the victims of the fraudulent transfer
have long been located in the U.S. In addition, the conduct constituting the
constructive fraud took place in the U.S.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
A factor that merits special
weight in the balancing test, of course, is the fact that the situs of the real
property is the Bahamas.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
“The law has long recognized the
powerful interest that states and nations have in the real property within
their boundaries.” [Slip op. 5] Nevertheless, the Court finds that the language
of the Bankruptcy Code clearly intends the “property of the estate” to include
both domestic and foreign assets. The Code expressly disallows certain
transfers of estate property and empowers the trustee to get it back. In the
Code, Congress clearly tried to prevent debtors from improperly disposing of
estate property that would otherwise be available to creditors, irrespective of
its location. Therefore, the usual presumption against extraterritoriality does
not bar the application of Section 548 here.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Citation: </b>In re French,
2006 WL 328392, No. 05-1054 (4th Cir. February 14, 2006). </div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
**** Mr. William B. Blanchard (“Bill Blanchard”) is a Real Estate Attorney with offices in St. Charles and Oakbrook Terrace, Illinois. Bill specializes in representing real estate clients for purchases and sales as well as home owner real estate tax assessment appeals. Mr. Blanchard is General Counsel for Gaia Title, Inc. a title insurance agency and settlement services provider. The Company is owned by real estate attorneys who demand exemplary title insurance services and accurate and efficient settlement services. As General Counsel he is responsible for title examination, commitment and policy review, escrow settlement supervision and regulatory review. - Attorney Profile: https://solomonlawguild.com/william-b-blanchard%2C-esq - Attorney News: https://attorneygazette.com/william-blanchard%2C-esq#40b43d7b-94b2-48d3-b055-1979a636f1e7
William B. Blanchardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02534739678331560264noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8712163583283675416.post-19563970136197424002018-07-14T14:53:00.005-07:002018-07-15T12:11:22.764-07:00In dispute with Australian Tax Commissioner over taxable year in which American company earned capital gains from two-stage sale of its Australian subsidiary’s assets to Swiss Company, highest court of Australia upholds Commissioner<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "courier"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In dispute with Australian Tax
Commissioner over taxable year in which American company earned capital gains
from two-stage sale of its Australian subsidiary’s assets to Swiss Company,
highest court of Australia upholds Commissioner</span></b><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Nicholas
Kiwi Pty. Ltd. was the former name of an Australian subsidiary of Sara Lee
Corporation (SLC) of Maryland, USA. SLC does business in many other countries,
the nature of it being the making, selling and distribution of pharmaceutical
and health care products. In the early 1990's, Nicholas put its business on the
auction market.</span><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Roche
Holding Ltd., a Swiss corporation (also with many foreign subsidiaries) was the
successful bidder. Roche entered into a “Purchase and Sale Agreement” (PSA)
with SLC and 24 named subsidiaries (sellers) including NKA on May 31, 1991. </span><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">A
choice-of-law clause made English law applicable to the agreement. Under the
PSA, Roche was to take over all of NKA’s health care assets. Under instructions
from SLC, a Roche official signed the PSA, without the prior approval of its
Board of Directors. The Board eventually ratified this action, however, on
August 20, 1991.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Nicholas
Products Pty. Ltd. (successor to NKA), a Roche subsidiary whose incorporation
date was June 25 1991, obtained the transferred Australian health care assets
from Roche. In an August 30, 1991 letter, Roche notified SLC that it had
assigned some of its rights and duties under the PSA to several subsidiaries
and affiliates, including NKA.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">On
August 30, 1991, SLC and Roche executed an “Amendment Agreement”(A/A) which, inter
alia, increased the price of the assets sold by respondents by $1,000,000. It
also cut back on the number of employees NKA was supposed to hire under the PSA
from 54 to 14. The A/A expressly amended the PSA and also provided that, all
unamended provisions of the PSA, remain “in full force and effect.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">As
part of the closing on August 30, 1991, Roche as seller and NKA as buyer
executed a “Deed of Assignment” (DOA). It declared that it was pursuant to the
PSA and not by way of modification thereof and that, in case of conflict, the
PSA was to control. Respondent and NKA also executed a "Deed of Assumption
of Liabilities and Contracts" on August 30 described as “pursuant to” the
PSA, as amended. It mainly dealt with NKA’s assumption of various obligations and
liabilities having to do with intangible rights and assigned contracts. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The
Australian tax authorities differed with SLC as to the date of the asset
transfer. If the event took place in the 1992 income year, taxpayer-respondent
would have offsetting losses or deductions that would lower the amount of its
taxable capital gains. The outcome is otherwise if the controlling date was
that of the contract’s execution in May 1991. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The
Tax Commissioner lost before the Full Federal Court of three judges because it
failed to persuade them that the taxable event had taken place in the tax year
ending June 30,1991 -- the 1991 tax year -- rather than in the 1992 tax year.
The Commissioner then obtained review in the High Court of Australia. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The
High Court allows the Commissioner’s appeal. It first rules that the Board’s
ratification of the previous unauthorized signing of the PSA related back to
the date of the PSA, i.e., May 31, 1991. As to the effect of the A/A on the
PSA, the High Court holds that the parties intended to vary the rights and
liabilities of the PSA in certain important respects but not wholly to rescind
and replace it. The Court also concludes that both the PSA and the A/A did not
have in mind to transfer assets or liabilities on May 31, but, as was done, by
separate deeds delivered at the closing on August 30, 1991.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Addressing
the central issue, the High Court then determines the year in which the capital
gains on the assets are taxable under PtIIIA of the Income Tax Assessment Act
of 1936. Both sides argued on the assumption that the relevant change in asset
ownership had taken place on August 30, i.e. in the 1992 tax year.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">As
to the timing of the asset disposal for tax purposes, the following two
provisions apply. Section 160U(3) provides that: “Where the asset was acquired
or disposed of under a contract, the time of acquisition or disposal shall be
taken to have been the time of the making of the contract.” The following
provision, Section 160U(4), then declares that: “Where the asset was acquired
or disposed of otherwise than under a contract, the time of acquisition or disposal
shall be taken to have been the time when the change in the ownership of the
asset that constituted or gave rise to the acquisition or disposal occurred.”
[Emphasis supplied.]</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Since
the disposal of assets had taken place “under a contract,” Section 160U(3)
controls. The bottom line for the High Court is as follows. “Where there are
two or more contracts which affect the rights and obligations of the parties to
a disposal of assets, the identification of the contract under which the assets
were disposed of, for the purpose of applying s160U of the Act, requires a
judgment as to which of the contracts is properly to be seen as the source of
the obligation to effect the disposal. In the present case, that contract is
the purchase and sale agreement of 31 May 1991.” [N/A] </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The
concurring judge agrees with the Tax Commissioner and would also allow the
appeal. “In summary therefore, the disposition [of assets] in this case must be
taken to have occurred on the making of the May [31, 1991] agreement ... by reason
of the language of s160K(5), s160M(1), s160M(1A) and s160M(2), s160U(1) and
s160U(2) and particularly s160U(3) of the Act.” </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“On
that date the respondent executed an agreement and entered into a transaction
for the disposal of assets and became entitled (subject to the fulfilment of
conditions precedent) to receive consideration which included a component of
capital gain. The contract, although subsequently varied (albeit not very
significantly in the overall scale of things) was made on 31 May 1991 and the
relevant assets were disposed of under it on that date.” [N/A] </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "courier"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Citation:</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "courier"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> Commissioner of Taxation v. Sara Lee Household & Body
Care (Australia) Pty. Ltd., [2000] H.C.A. 35 ( High Ct. of Aus. June 15).</span></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
**** Mr. William B. Blanchard (“Bill Blanchard”) is a Real Estate Attorney with offices in St. Charles and Oakbrook Terrace, Illinois. Bill specializes in representing real estate clients for purchases and sales as well as home owner real estate tax assessment appeals. Mr. Blanchard is General Counsel for Gaia Title, Inc. a title insurance agency and settlement services provider. The Company is owned by real estate attorneys who demand exemplary title insurance services and accurate and efficient settlement services. As General Counsel he is responsible for title examination, commitment and policy review, escrow settlement supervision and regulatory review. - Attorney Profile: https://solomonlawguild.com/william-b-blanchard%2C-esq - Attorney News: https://attorneygazette.com/william-blanchard%2C-esq#40b43d7b-94b2-48d3-b055-1979a636f1e7
William B. Blanchardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02534739678331560264noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8712163583283675416.post-10088811415723051582018-07-14T14:53:00.001-07:002018-07-15T12:11:00.650-07:00In case of art appropriation by agent of Nazi government in 1939, Ninth Circuit finds in matter of first impression that FSIA expropriation exception applies even where foreign sovereign defendant is not entity alleged to have expropriated property at issue<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b>In case of art appropriation by agent of Nazi government
in 1939, Ninth Circuit finds in matter of first impression that FSIA
expropriation exception applies even where foreign sovereign defendant is not
entity alleged to have expropriated property at issue</b><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Claude Cassirer (Plaintiff) claims that, in 1939, an agent
of the Nazi regime unlawfully seized a painting by French impressionist painter
Camille Pissaro [1830‑93] from his grandmother Lilly Cassirer. It is entitled
“Rue Saint‑Honore, Apres‑midi, Effet de Pluie.” Mme Cassirer’s great‑grandfather,
Julius, a German citizen, had bought the painting in 1898.<br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Eventually, Cassirer’s grandmother inherited the painting.
As the persecution of Jews in Germany increased, Lilly sought permission to
leave Germany with her possessions. A government appraiser forced her to sell
the painting for about $360. She agreed only because she was afraid that,
otherwise, they would not let her leave the country. Decades later, Baron Hans‑Heinrich
Thyssen‑Bornemisza, a private art collector, bought the work.<br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Museum of the Thyssen‑Bornemisza Collection Foundation
(Foundation) in Madrid, Spain is now displaying the Pissaro painting. At some
point, the Kingdom of Spain (Spain) agreed to acquire the painting as well as
the rest of the Foundation’s collection. Cassirer first unsuccessfully
petitioned the Spanish Minister for Education, Culture and Sports, the Chair of
the Foundation’s Board, to return the painting. Cassirer did not file any
further claims in Spain. </div>
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Instead Plaintiff brought suit in a California federal
court, naming the Foundation and Spain as Defendants. The district court denied
the Defendants’ challenges to personal jurisdiction, standing, and the
existence of a justiciable case or controversy, and this interlocutory appeal
ensued. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit dismisses the appeal as
to these rulings.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
As to the collateral order doctrine, however, the Court does
find jurisdiction to review the sovereign immunity question. In a matter of
first impression, the Court considers whether the expropriation exception of
the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (FSIA), 28 U.S.C. § 1605(a)(3) applies
when the foreign state defendant is not the entity that originally expropriated
the property in violation of international law. In a two to one vote, the Court
concludes that it does.</div>
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Plaintiff argued that neither the Foundation nor Spain are
immune because of the “expropriations exception” of § 1605(a)(3); it provides
that a “foreign state shall not be immune ... in any case .... in which rights
in property taken in violation of international law are in issue ...” Its
language does not literally limit the class of Defendants to the very sovereign
entity that seized the property in violation of international law. In this
case, both sides agree that it was Germany that originally expropriated the
painting. The Defendants urged the Court to avoid reading such a requirement
into § 1605(a)(3). The Court agrees with the Plaintiff.</div>
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“We find § 1605(a)(3) to be unambiguous. Where ‘the intent of
Congress is clear and unambiguously expressed by the statutory language,’ that
is normally the end of the statutory analysis. Zuni Pub. Sch. Dist. No. 89 v.
Dep’t of Educ., 550 U.S. 81, 93 (2007). We hold that the plain language of §
1605(a)(3) does not require that the foreign state (against whom the claim is
made) be the entity who expropriated the property in violation of international
law.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“Our holding is consistent with the legislative history ...
In reviewing Congress’s intent in enacting the FSIA, we consider§ 1602, which
sets forth Congress’s findings and purpose. This section expresses Congress’s
understanding that foreign states are not immune from suit ‘insofar as their
commercial activities are concerned.’... In explaining § 1602, the House Report
states that Congress is adopting the restrictive theory of sovereign immunity,
that is, ‘[T]he sovereign immunity of foreign states should be ‘restricted’ to
cases involving acts of a foreign state which are sovereign or governmental in
nature, as opposed to acts which are either commercial in nature or those which
private persons normally perform.’ H.R. Rep. No. 94‑1487 at 14 (1976),
reprinted in 1976 U.S.C.C.A.N. 6604, 6613.” [Slip op. 12‑13]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“Because nothing in the plain language of the FSIA or the
legislative history requires us to read additional language into the statute,
we hold that the expropriation exception to sovereign immunity found in §
1605(a)(3) does not require that the foreign state against whom the [federal]
claim is made be the [same] foreign state that took property in violation of
international law.” [Slip op. 15]</div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
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<br />
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The Court then turns to the “commercial activity” exception
of the FSIA. It removes immunity where “property or any property exchanged for
such property is owned or operated by an agency or instrumentality of the of
the foreign state and that agency or instrumentality is engaged in a commercial
activity in the United States.” 28 U.S.C. § 1605(a)(2). The district court had
reviewed the Foundation’s activities in the U.S., which included buying books
and other materials from U.S. sources; selling posters and books to U.S.
purchasers; and contracting with U.S. museums for the lending of art works. The
district court concluded that the Foundation had in fact engaged in such
commercial activity. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Appellate Court agrees. It remands the matter to the
district court to consider, in light of Sarei, whether the circumstances of
this case require an exhaustion of other available local remedies.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Court then turns to the question of whether Plaintiff
should have exhausted his remedies elsewhere. Spain claims that Section
1605(a)(3) does not apply because Plaintiff failed to pursue legal remedies in
either Spain or Germany. Whether § 1605(a)(3) requires such exhaustion is also
a matter of first impression. The FSIA’s language and its legislative history
give no indication whether it demands preliminary exhaustion of local remedies.
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“Neither Congress nor this court have imposed an absolute
exhaustion of remedies requirement in cases brought against foreign states
under an exception to the FSIA. Yet, where principles of international comity
and rules of customary international law require exhaustion, we exercise sound
judicial discretion and consider exhaustion on a prudential, case‑by‑case
basis. See Sarei v. Rio Tinto, PLC, 550 F.3d 822, 828 (9th Cir. 2008) (en banc)
(plurality opinion) [see 2008 International Law Update 190].” </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“In Sarei, we held that domestic prudential standards and
core principles of international law require a district court to consider
exhaustion in appropriate cases. Id. at 824 ... Under our prudential approach,
when a defendant affirmatively pleads failure to exhaust remedies, the district
court must, as a discretionary matter, determine in the first instance whether
to impose such a requirement on a plaintiff. Id. at 832.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“Although Sarei addressed exhaustion in the context of the
[ACTA], where Congress has not clearly adopted or rejected exhaustion as a
jurisdictional prerequisite, our formulation of prudential exhaustion applies
equally to cases brought against foreign states (and their instrumentalities)
under the FSIA ... In this case, Appellants have asserted that Plaintiff failed
to exhaust available remedies in Spain or Germany. Although the district court
correctly concluded that the FSIA does not [explicitly] require exhaustion of
remedies, the court erred by failing to conduct a prudential exhaustion
analysis.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“On remand, the district court should be guided by the
principles we outlined in Sarei. Summarizing the Sarei framework generally, we
first note that the district court need only consider exhaustion to the extent
the defendant has affirmatively pleaded Plaintiff’s failure to exhaust local
remedies. See Sarei, supra at 832 (‘The defendant bears the burden to plead and
justify an exhaustion requirement, including the availability of local
remedies.’) ...” </div>
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“Second, the court must consider whether Congress has
clearly required exhaustion for the specific claims asserted in the complaint. If,
as in this case, Congress has not imposed or rejected such a requirement, the
court must then determine whether the applicable substantive law would require
exhaustion. ...” </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“Third, the court must consider whether the defendant has
met its burden to show the availability of local remedies and that such
remedies have not been exhausted. Id. The plaintiff may rebut a showing of
unexhausted remedies abroad by demonstrating the futility of exhaustion (‘by
showing that the local remedies were ineffective, unobtainable, unduly
prolonged, inadequate, or obviously futile.’). Id. ...”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“Finally, the court
may, in its sound discretion, impose or waive exhaustion after assessing the
availability, effectiveness, and possible futility of any unexhausted remedies
in light of various prudential factors, including but not limited to: (1) the
need to safeguard and respect the principles of international comity and
sovereignty, (2) the existence or lack of a significant United States ‘nexus,’
... (3) the nature of the allegations and the gravity of the potential
violations of international law, and (4) whether the allegations implicate
matters of ‘universal concern’ for which a state has jurisdiction to adjudicate
the claims without regard to territoriality or the nationality of the parties.
See id. at 830‑31.” [Slip op. 22‑26]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Citation</b>: Cassirer v. Kingdom of Spain, 580 F.3d 1048
(9th Cir. 2009).</div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
**** Mr. William B. Blanchard (“Bill Blanchard”) is a Real Estate Attorney with offices in St. Charles and Oakbrook Terrace, Illinois. Bill specializes in representing real estate clients for purchases and sales as well as home owner real estate tax assessment appeals. Mr. Blanchard is General Counsel for Gaia Title, Inc. a title insurance agency and settlement services provider. The Company is owned by real estate attorneys who demand exemplary title insurance services and accurate and efficient settlement services. As General Counsel he is responsible for title examination, commitment and policy review, escrow settlement supervision and regulatory review. - Attorney Profile: https://solomonlawguild.com/william-b-blanchard%2C-esq - Attorney News: https://attorneygazette.com/william-blanchard%2C-esq#40b43d7b-94b2-48d3-b055-1979a636f1e7
William B. Blanchardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02534739678331560264noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8712163583283675416.post-17435040633773080322018-07-14T14:52:00.005-07:002018-07-15T12:10:36.591-07:00In FSIA appeal, Second Circuit finds that Plaintiffs cannot attach property of Argentine Central Bank to satisfy debt obligations of the Republic of Argentina despite Argentina’s general control over Central Bank<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b>In FSIA appeal, Second Circuit finds that Plaintiffs
cannot attach property of Argentine Central Bank to satisfy debt obligations of
the Republic of Argentina despite Argentina’s general control over Central Bank</b><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In 2001, Argentina imposed a moratorium on its debt service
payments and since then has not made scheduled payments. NML Capital, Ltd.
(NML) and EM, Ltd. (EM) (Plaintiffs) hold some of those debt obligations. In
2003, they sued Argentina in New York federal court. The bonds held by
Plaintiffs contain waivers of Argentina’s sovereign immunity.<br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The district court granted EM a final judgment for almost
$725 million. NML has not yet obtained any judgment. Plaintiffs sought to
attach $105 million of the Banco Central de la Republica Argentina [Central
Bank of the Republic of Argentina] (BCRA) at the Federal Reserve Bank of New
York (FRBNY).<br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Plaintiffs argued that the court can attach the funds based
on two Argentine decrees. They authorized its Government to use BCRA funds to
repay Argentina’s debt to the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Argentine
President Nestor Kirchner issued Decrees 1599/2005 and 1601/2005 to use certain
BCRA reserves for the payment of international debts. The decrees made about
$8.4 billion available for these purposes. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The district court granted EM a restraining notice under 28
U.S.C. Section 1610(c) of the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act of 1976 (FSIA).
It provides that a federal court may order the attachment of, or execution
against, the assets of a foreign state or its instrumentalities. NML also obtained
an ex parte order of prejudgment attachment and temporary restraining orders as
to the same assets. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The FSIA generally protects a foreign state’s property from
attachment and execution, subject to existing international obligations, except
for limited circumstances (see 28 U.S.C. Sections 1610 and 1611). The FSIA
protections also apply to instrumentalities of a foreign state such as BCRA,
though the standards differ from those for the states as such. The FSIA
specifically protects the U.S. assets of foreign central banks. 28 U.S.C.
Section 1611(b)(1).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In January 2006, the government of Argentina and BCRA moved
to have the court set aside the attachments and restraining notices. The
district court agreed, considering the funds immune based on the FSIA, 28
U.S.C. Sections 1609‑11. Although the Plaintiffs appealed, the Second Circuit
affirms. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Argentine decrees did not, in its view, create an
attachable interest on the part of Argentina in the FRBNY Funds. Further, the
FRBNY Funds are immune from attachment because BCRA, an entity that is separate
from the Republic of Argentina, continues to own them. </div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Here, Plaintiffs relied on the attachment provisions
applicable to foreign states in Section 1610; this assumed that the FRBNY Funds
are attachable assets of the Republic of Argentina—but not of BCRA. “Although
plaintiffs hold or seek judgments against the Republic, the FRBNY Funds that
plaintiffs seek to attach are held in BCRA’s name. Plaintiffs have conceded
that: (1) before December 15, 2005, the date on which the Decrees were issued,
the FRBNY Funds were the property of BCRA; (2) plaintiffs had no right to
attach the FRBNY Funds before that date; and (3), even after issuance of the
Decrees, the FRBNY Funds were held in BCRA’s name. Thus, under New York law, it
is presumed that the FRBNY Funds continue to be owned by BCRA even after
issuance of the Decrees. ...”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“Plaintiffs do not bring to our attention any contrary New
York or Argentine legal principles governing ownership of funds in bank
accounts ..., nor do they point to any order or other document explicitly
transferring ownership of the FRBNY Funds from BCRA to the [Argentine]
Republic. Instead, plaintiffs contend that the Decrees changed the legal status
of $8.4 billion of BCRA’s reserves—i.e., the funds that the Decrees designated
as Unrestricted Reserves – when it made those funds available to pay the
Republic’s debt to the IMF.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“NML contends that the Decrees had the effect of making the
Unrestricted Reserves property of the Republic. ... EM argues that it is
immaterial whether the ‘nominal’ holding and ownership of the Unrestricted
Reserves changed, because, under New York attachment law, the Unrestricted
Reserves are attachable if the Republic has a right to assign or transfer them.
... According to EM, the Unrestricted Reserves must be subject to attachment
because the Decrees demonstrated the Republic’s power to assign or transfer
BCRA’s assets. ...” [Slip op. 8]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Court disagrees. The Decrees did not alter property
rights in the FRBNY Funds. They merely reflect Argentina’s ability to control
BCRA itself. Plaintiffs failed to show that they can attach the FRBNY Funds
based on Argentina’s control over BCRA. There is no evidence that BCRA
transferred ownership or control over the funds to the Republic.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“We see no reason why the presumption of separateness
required by Bancec and applied in Letelier and LNC Investments [see below]
should not apply here to shield the FRBNY Funds from attachment. The separate
juridical status of BCRA is not disputed by plaintiffs, ... and plaintiffs
expressly elected not to argue in support of attachment that BCRA’s separate
juridical status should be disregarded because BCRA is the alter ego of the
Republic. ...”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“Nor have they argued that the Bancec presumption should be
overcome based on a finding that disregarding BCRA’s separate juridical status
is necessary to prevent fraud or injustice. ... In fact, neither EM nor NML
even so much as mentions Bancec in its briefs.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“We reject plaintiffs’ effort to circumvent First Nat’l City
Bank v. Banco Para El Comercio Exterior de Cuba, 462 U.S. 611, 628‑33 (1983)
(Bancec) and our decisions in Letelier v. Republic of Chile, 748 F.2d 790, 794
(2d Cir. 1984) and LNC Invs., Inc. v. Republic of Nicaragua, 115 F. Supp. 2d
358 (S. D. N. Y. 2000), aff’d sub nom. LNC Invs., Inc. v. Banco Central de
Nicaragua, 228 F.3d 423 (2d Cir. 2000) by characterizing the Republic’s ability
and willingness to control BCRA as a transfer of property rights sufficient to
give the Republic an attachable interest in the FRBNY Funds.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“Under Bancec and its progeny, plaintiffs bear the burden of
overcoming the presumption that the FRBNY Funds are not available to satisfy a
judgment against the Republic. Bancec indicates two circumstances in which the
presumption may be overcome—if BCRA were proven to be the alter ego of the
Republic, or if disregarding BCRA’s separate juridical status were necessary to
avoid fraud or injustice. Plaintiffs chose not to argue that either of these
circumstances existed here, even though the Republic’s alleged misdeeds cited
in plaintiffs’ briefs might have lent some credence to these arguments. ...”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“Bancec forecloses any argument that all of BCRA’s $26.8
billion in reserves are ‘attachable interests’ of the Republic merely because
the Republic hypothetically could have ordered (but in the Decrees did not
order) BCRA to assign or transfer the FRBNY Funds. See Letelier, above at 794
(findings that assets and facilities of Chile’s instrumentality LAN ‘were under
the direct control of Chile, which had the power to use them; [and that] Chile
could have decreed LAN’s dissolution and taken over property interests held in
LAN’s name’ did not support allowing creditor to attach LAN’s assets in order
to satisfy judgment against Chile).” [Slip op. 12‑13].</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Finally, the Court notes that FSIA Section 1610(a) dealing
with “property in the United States ... used for a commercial activity in the
United States” does not permit the attachment of the FRBNY Funds even if they
were considered an attachable asset of the Republic of Argentina. A
government’s repayment of its debt to the IMF is not a “commercial activity”
and there is no showing that the FRBNY Funds were to be “used for” repayment of
the IMF obligations.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Citation: </b>EM Ltd. v. Republic of Argentina, No. 06‑0403‑cv
(2d Cir. January 5, 2007).</div>
<br />
<br />
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**** Mr. William B. Blanchard (“Bill Blanchard”) is a Real Estate Attorney with offices in St. Charles and Oakbrook Terrace, Illinois. Bill specializes in representing real estate clients for purchases and sales as well as home owner real estate tax assessment appeals. Mr. Blanchard is General Counsel for Gaia Title, Inc. a title insurance agency and settlement services provider. The Company is owned by real estate attorneys who demand exemplary title insurance services and accurate and efficient settlement services. As General Counsel he is responsible for title examination, commitment and policy review, escrow settlement supervision and regulatory review. - Attorney Profile: https://solomonlawguild.com/william-b-blanchard%2C-esq - Attorney News: https://attorneygazette.com/william-blanchard%2C-esq#40b43d7b-94b2-48d3-b055-1979a636f1e7
William B. Blanchardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02534739678331560264noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8712163583283675416.post-85082031331736629602018-07-14T14:52:00.003-07:002018-07-15T12:10:14.252-07:00In action by Chagos Islanders in British Indian Ocean Territory challenging their expulsion from their homeland, English Court of Appeal, Civil Division holds that English government exceeded its constitutional and statutory powers in exiling islanders to make way for United States military base<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b>In action by Chagos Islanders in British Indian Ocean
Territory challenging their expulsion from their homeland, English Court of
Appeal, Civil Division holds that English government exceeded its
constitutional and statutory powers in exiling islanders to make way for United
States military base</b><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In 1814, France ceded to Great Britain the Chagos
Archipelago in the central Indian ocean south of Maldives, together with some
other dependencies. The U. K. constituted the Chagos Islands in 1965 as a
separate colony, the British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT). Orders in Council
made in the exercise of the prerogative powers of the Crown ordinarily govern
such dependencies.</div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="WordSection2">
<div class="MsoNormal">
Under an Immigration Ordinance made in 1971 by the
Commissioner for BIOT, the U. K. forcibly exiled the Chagossians mainly to
distant Mauritius. The reason was that, in the 1960s, the United States claimed
that it needed Diego Garcia, the principal island in the archipelago, as a
military base. (The strategic significance of this base is a political judgment
which neither party here has challenged.) Incidentally, in 1967, the Crown had
acquired the freehold interest in the entire territory of BIOT and in 1983 had
declared it to be Crown land.<br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Pursuant to a lawsuit brought on behalf of the islanders, a
first instance court quashed the 1971 Ordinance in November 2000. It held that
the exclusion of an entire population from its homeland under the the BIOT
Order 1965 lay outside the purposes of the parent Order in Council. The latter,
it said, dealt only with the governance of the population and did not authorize
its expulsion. The lower court had quashed only the subsidiary Ordinance and
not the empowering Order in Council.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In November 2000, the Foreign Secretary evinced the
Government’s “political will” to repatriate the Chagossians to all Islands
other than Diego Garcia. The Government said that it was doing feasibility
studies looking toward substantial returns by native Chagossians. It declared
in part that: “we will put in place a new Immigration Ordinance which will
allow the [Chagossians] to return to the outer islands while observing our
Treaty obligations [with the United States.] The Government has not defended
what was done or said thirty years ago. The new Immigration Ordinance 4 of 2000
accordingly exempted from the need for an entry permit anyone who was a British
Dependent Territories citizen by virtue of his or her birth in the BIOT as well
as because their parents or grandparents’ were born there.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In 2002, however, the Government feasibility study reported that,
while short‑term resettlement was practicable on a subsistence basis, long‑term
resettlement would be “precarious and costly”. There was no other suggestion of
any resulting change in Government policy.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Then, on June 10, 2004, the ministers placed two Orders in
Council before Her Majesty for approval: the BIOT (Constitution) Order 2004
(the Constitution Order) and the BIOT (Immigration) Order 2004 (the Immigration
Order). In the first instance court’s words, the first of these Orders
“declared that no person has the right of abode in BIOT nor the right without
authorisation to enter and remain there. The Chagossians were thus effectively
exiled.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
On June 15, 2004, the ministers placed a written statement
before the House of Commons, citing the two‑year‑old feasibility study and
containing some of the following language. “In effect, therefore, anything
other than short‑term resettlement on a purely subsistence basis would be
highly precarious and would involve expensive underwriting by the U. K.
government for an open‑ended period ‑‑ probably permanently. ...”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“After long and careful consideration we have therefore
decided to legislate to prevent it. Equally, restoration of full immigration
control over the entire territory is necessary to ensure and maintain the
availability and effective use of the Territory for defence purposes, for which
it was in fact constituted and set aside in accordance with the U. K.’s treaty
obligations entered into almost 40 years ago. Especially in the light of recent
developments in the international security climate ... this is a factor to
which due weight has had to be given.” [¶ 12]</div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="WordSection3">
<div class="MsoNormal">
For these reasons, Her Majesty made two Orders in Council on
June 10, 2004. Their combined effect is to restore full immigration control
over the BIOT islands. These controls extend to all persons, including members
of the Chagossian community.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Thus, despite a candid ministerial acknowledgment to
Parliament less than a month later that “the decisions made by successive
governments in the 1960s and 1970s to depopulate the islands do not, to say the
least, constitute the finest hour of U. K. foreign policy,” [¶ 13] the then
Government re‑adopted those decisions in 2004.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The lower court ruled that the provisions of the Orders in
Council by which the Crown in 2004 had forbidden the return of the Chagossians
to the islands which they or their forebears had inhabited were invalid. For
the reasons outlined below, the Court of Appeal (Civil Division) dismisses the
Government’s appeal.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
As the lead opinion explains, repugnancy as a legislative
term means an irreconcilable conflict between two laws. There is no reason to
import into the scheme of the Colonial Laws Validity Act of 1865 any departure
from the logical principle that, before any question of repugnancy to an Act of
the imperial Parliament can arise, a colonial measure has first to be law.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“If an unconstitutional colonial statute is not law — as
manifestly it is not — no question of repugnancy arises. The present dispute,
equally, is not about whether the Constitution Order is repugnant to a superior
statute or other legal provision but about whether it is law. It is accordingly
not barred by the 1865 Act.” [¶ 30]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
But the Government contends that the powers which Her
Majesty in Council exercises when legislating for a colony are the same as
those which she may exercise in Parliament — in other words, that they are
plenary sovereign powers. The only qualifications Government counsel is
prepared to accept are that it must not exercise the power repugnantly to any
imperial parliamentary legislation or inconsistently with the principle of territoriality.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The question now to be decided is whether there are today at
common law any larger constraints upon the prerogative power to legislate for
the colonies. As Mr. Anson stated the point simply in his Law and Custom of the
Constitution (3rd ed, 1907), II.i, p.41: “The position of affairs has been
reversed since 1714 [namely, the accession of George I]. Then the King or Queen
governed through Ministers, now Ministers govern through the instrumentality of
the Crown.” Or as Lord Diplock put it in Council of Civil Service Unions v.
Minister for the Civil Service [1985] A.C. 374, 409 [the CCS case]: “... in the
absence of any statute regulating the subject‑matter of the decision, the
source of the decision‑making power may still be the common law itself, i.e.
that part of the common law that is given by lawyers the label of ‘the
prerogative’. Where this is the source of the decision‑making power, the power
... in constitutional practice is generally exercised by those holding
ministerial rank.” If this is correct, the Court notes (and modern authority
has often held that it is), any amenability to judicial review in relation to
the use of the royal prerogative is that of ministers, not of the Monarch. Note
also the practice of having the ministers give an account to Parliament of the
measures which have brought them about.</div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="WordSection4">
<div class="MsoNormal">
“The only acceptable answer, in my judgment, is that an
Order in Council is an act of the executive and as such is amenable to any
appropriate form of judicial review, whether anticipatory or retrospective.
What determines the constitutional status of a measure — a statute, a judgment
or an order — is not its formal authority, which is always that of the Crown,
but its source in the interlocking but unequal limbs of the state.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“One aspect of this structure, determined by the historic
compromise reached in the course of the 17th century, is that both the courts
and the executive will treat the authority of Parliament, duly exercised, as
absolute. Another aspect, upon which both democratic governance and the rule of
law depend, is that the courts will respect all acts of the executive within
its lawful province, and that the executive will respect all decisions of the
courts as to what its lawful province is. [Cite].”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“This case, correspondingly, concerns not a sovereign act of
the Crown but a potentially justiciable act of executive government. Were we to
hold otherwise, we would be creating an area of ministerial action free both of
Parliamentary control and of judicial oversight, defined, moreover, not by
subject‑matter but simply by the mode of enactment. The implications of such a
situation for both democracy and the rule of law do not need to be spelt out.”
[¶¶ 35‑36]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“Next, there can be no doubt that the courts will not allow the
power to be used corruptly: if, for example, it were to be proved that a
minister (or one of his or her advisers) had been bribed to include a
particular provision in a colonial Order in Council, the Order would be wholly
or in part struck down. An Order in Council permitting the use of torture to
obtain evidence would today fall under the 1865 Act as being repugnant to an
imperial statute (the Criminal Justice Act 1988, § 134 ), but, even before
1988, the courts of this country would surely have struck it down, whether on
the public law ground articulated by Lord Diplock in CCS that it was irrational
in its defiance of accepted moral standards, or on Lord Mansfield’s ground in
Campbell v. Hall (1774) 1 Cowp. 204, 209 that it was ‘contrary to fundamental
principles’.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“The same would almost certainly be the case with an Order
in Council abolishing all recourse to law in a colony or introducing forced
labour. These instances of legitimate judicial intervention to prevent the
abuse of prerogative power by executive government go considerably wider than
the government’s argument before us has allowed.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“The modern locus classicus is in the speech of Lord Scarman
in CCS at 407: ‘It is, of course, beyond doubt that, in Coke’s time and
thereafter, judicial review of the exercise of prerogative power was limited to
inquiring into whether a particular power existed and, if it did, into its
extent. [Cite]. But this limitation has now gone, overwhelmed by the developing
modern law of judicial review [Cites].’”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“‘Just as ancient restrictions in the law relating to the
prerogative writs and orders have not prevented the courts from extending the
requirement of natural justice, namely the duty to act fairly, so that it is
required of a purely administrative act, so also has the modern law, ...
extended the range of judicial review in respect of the exercise of prerogative
power. Today, therefore, the controlling factor in determining whether the
exercise of prerogative power is subject to judicial review is not its source
but its subject matter.’” [¶ 38]</div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="WordSection5">
<div class="MsoNormal">
“[Government counsel’s] reasoning therefore tells us nothing
definite in a case such as the present, which concerns an unprecedented use, or
purported use, of the power of colonial governance. It will be necessary to
consider in due course how wide the power to provide for ‘the peace, order and
good government’ of a colony is, and whether the courts can go behind the
executive’s assertion that it is the end to which a measure is directed. But in
my judgment there is no legal basis for any prior restriction on the grounds
upon which executive acts carried out by Order in Council may be judicially
reviewed. Provided the subject‑matter is apt for adjudication, any abuse of
power in the making or the operation of such an instrument is in principle
justiciable. So I come back to the question whether colonial governance is one
of the prohibited categories of subject‑matter.” [¶ 43]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The lead opinion then addresses the question whether matters
of colonial governance is subject to judicial review. “Prerogative powers such
as those relating to the making of treaties, the defence of the realm, the
prerogative of mercy, the grant of honours, the dissolution of Parliament and
the appointment of ministers as well as others are not, I think, susceptible to
judicial review because their nature and subject matter are such as not to be
amenable to the judicial process....”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“The Government contends that the omission of colonial
governance from the list of unreviewable uses of the royal prerogative is an
oversight. That seems unlikely. But it would be a mistake to jump to the
opposite conclusion that their Lordships considered the colonial governance
power to be within the reach of judicial review. It is likelier that it was
left for decision when it arose, which is now. [¶¶ 44‑45]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The lead opinion decides that the use of the prerogative
power of colonial governance enjoys no generic immunity from judicial review.
“What are immune, ... are prerogative measures lawfully enacted and rationally
capable of addressing the ‘peace, order and good government’ of the colony.” [¶
47]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The next question is whether § 9 of the Constitution Order,
and with it the Immigration Order, was lawfully made. “Section 4 of the
Ordinance effectively exiles the [Chagossians] from the territory where they
are belongers and forbids their return. But the ‘peace, order, and good
government’ of any territory means nothing, surely, save by reference to the
territory’s population. They are to be governed: not removed. ... Short of [a
catastrophe], I cannot see how the wholesale removal of a people from the land
where they belong can be said to conduce to the territory’s peace, order and
good government.”</div>
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“The people may be taxed; they should be housed; laws will
criminalise some of the things they do; maybe they will be tried with no
juries, and subject to severe, even brutal penalties; the laws made for their
marriages, their property, and much besides may be far different from what
obtains in England. All this is vouchsafed by the authorities.”</div>
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“But that is not all the learning gives. These people are
subjects of the Crown, in right of their British nationality as belongers in
the Chagos Archipelago. As Chitty said in 1820, the Queen has an interest in
all her subjects, who rightly look to the Crown — today, to the rule of law
which is given in the Queen’s name — for the security of their homeland within
the Queen’s dominions.”</div>
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“But in this case they have been excluded from it. It has
been done for high political reasons: good reasons, certainly, dictated by
pressing considerations of military security. But they are not reasons which
may reasonably be said to touch the peace, order and good government of BIOT,
... In short, there is no principled basis upon which § 4 of the Ordinance can
be justified as having been empowered by § 11 of the BIOT Order. And it has no
other conceivable source of lawful authority.” [¶ 54]</div>
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The lead opinion then addresses the question of abuse of
power. “... [O]n its merits, the enactment of § 9 of the Constitution Order was
irrational. This was because, ... it was in right of the BIOT — and not of the
United Kingdom — that Her Majesty made the two Orders. It follows that the
United Kingdom’s own interests, a fortiori those of the United States, could
play no legitimate part in determining what was appropriate to the good
government of the BIOT.” [¶ 57]</div>
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“Few things are more important to a social group than its
sense of belonging, not only to each other but to a place. What has sustained
peoples in exile, from Babylon onwards, has been the possibility of one day
returning home. The barring of that door, however remote or inaccessible it may
be for the present, is an act requiring overwhelming justification.”</div>
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“It follows, in our judgment, that § 9 of the Order is
irrational on public law grounds and ... must be quashed for this reason. Made
by the Queen in right of BIOT, the Order is, on its face, not concerned with
the interests of BIOT, but with the interests of the United Kingdom and of the
United States. ... [T]he validity of the Order in Council made by the Queen in
right of BIOT has to be tested by reference to the interests of BIOT. This
Order in Council conspicuously does not do that.”</div>
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“What is being addressed by all these arguments, and by the
argument on legitimate expectation too, is the abuse of power. This is what the
courts of public law are there to identify and, in proper cases, to correct.
[Cite] Power may be abused in a variety of ways, of which acting beyond the
limits of the power is one, acting irrationally is another, acting for an
improper purpose is a third and acting so as to frustrate a legitimate
expectation is a fourth; and there are more, both procedural and substantive.
Very commonly they run into one another. ...”</div>
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“Particularly when one is considering an allegation of abuse
of the prerogative power, the search for categories of abuse may therefore be
less important than the search for principle; for, ... the remarkable decisions
of the courts in the later 20th century that judicial review runs to
prerogative and self‑constituted bodies were prompted by the courts’
determination to act in defence of the citizenry against abuse of power by
important bodies of a governmental or quasi‑governmental nature ... and not to
let them escape merely because of their non‑statutory character.”</div>
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“Correspondingly, what the court is in essence invited to do
in the present case is to hold that the making of § 9 of the Constitution
Order, and of the entire Immigration Order, was an abuse of the prerogative
power of the Crown because the Crown’s common law powers do not extend to the
exiling of an entire population. If this is right, categorising it as an ultra
vires act or as an irrational one or as a breach of a legitimate expectation is
an important matter of legal taxonomy but not critical to the finding of legal
fault.” [¶ 60]</div>
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“The governance of each colonial territory is, in
constitutional principle, a discrete function of the Crown. That territory’s
interests will not necessarily be the interests of the United Kingdom or of its
allies. This is not to say that the two things are mutually exclusive: they
will often, perhaps usually, be interdependent, so that the defence of a colony
from attack, and even its use as a base to protect the United Kingdom, may
serve both its and the United Kingdom’s interests.”</div>
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“But that is not the case here. ... the permanent exclusion
of an entire population from its homeland for reasons unconnected with their
collective wellbeing cannot have that character and, accordingly, cannot be
lawfully accomplished by use of the prerogative power of [colonial]
governance.” [¶ 67]</div>
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“The single ground given in § 9(1) of the Order itself for
exiling the population is strategic. ... The desire of the United States administration,
reiterated in statements made for the purpose of these proceedings, to keep the
whole archipelago cleared of its population invites, but does not require,
scrutiny because it is not connected with the governance of the Chagos Islands.
It is connected with the United States’ strategic and geopolitical interests
and with the United Kingdom’s support for these, both of them ... in direct
conflict with the interests of the Chagossians.” [¶ 69]</div>
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“The prospective cost to the British taxpayer of resettling
the next generations of the population (which the British taxpayer paid to
remove) is in my view a mare’s nest. While resettlement will doubtless be
difficult or even impossible without capital expenditure, it is not suggested
on either side that the United Kingdom is under any obligation to fund it. As I
have said, it is the bolting of the door to the Chagossians’ home, not the
failure to provide transport there or to refurbish it, which is in issue.
Indeed the Crown has rights as landowner which are capable, for the present, of
answering any attempt to resettle there ...”</div>
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“The point is that the two Orders in Council negate one of
the most fundamental liberties known to human beings, the freedom to return to
one’s homeland, however poor and barren the conditions of life, and contingent
though return may be on the property rights of others; and that they do this
for reasons unconnected with the wellbeing of the people affected.” [¶ 71]</div>
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The final aspect of abuse of power addressed by the lead
opinion is the frustration of a substantive legitimate expectation. “The
present case resembles, a lawfully made promise of a substantive benefit
(substantive, that is, as opposed to procedural). In my judgment, ... to
frustrate the expectation which the Chagossians from November 2000 legitimately
entertained of being at liberty one day to return to their homeland was so
profoundly unfair, in the absence of relevant and overriding policy
imperatives, as to be an abuse of power.” [¶ 73]</div>
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“The statement made by way of explanation of the two Orders
now under challenge cited non‑feasibility of resettlement and ‘the availability
and effective use of the Territory for defence purposes’. ... [N]o evidence has
been advanced to show that anything had changed between 2000, when there was
apparently no defence problem and no insuperable issue of feasibility, and
2004. In the result, the Crown has not begun to establish an overriding
imperative entitling it to frustrate the Chagossians’ expectation that they
would at least continue to have the status of belongers.”</div>
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“The two letters written by the United States’
administration for the purposes of these proceedings cannot affect this issue.
The United States was not the author of the Orders in Council, and nothing has
been deposed to by those who were to establish that these were new and
overriding concerns which entitled the U. K. government to renege on its
undertaking to the Chagossians.” [ ¶ 76]</div>
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“Notwithstanding the great latitude which the prerogative
power of colonial governance enjoys, I consider the material Orders to have
been unlawfully made, because both their content and the circumstances of their
enactment constitute an abuse of power on the part of executive government. ...
I would dismiss the Government’s appeal.” [¶¶ 78,79]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
[The remaining two judges concur but state their grounds in
separate opinions.]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Citation: </b>Secretary of State v. The Queen (on
application of Bancoult), Case No: C1/2006/1465; [2007] E. W. C .A. Civ. 498;
2007 WL 1472036 (CA (Civ. Div.), May 23, 2007).</div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
**** Mr. William B. Blanchard (“Bill Blanchard”) is a Real Estate Attorney with offices in St. Charles and Oakbrook Terrace, Illinois. Bill specializes in representing real estate clients for purchases and sales as well as home owner real estate tax assessment appeals. Mr. Blanchard is General Counsel for Gaia Title, Inc. a title insurance agency and settlement services provider. The Company is owned by real estate attorneys who demand exemplary title insurance services and accurate and efficient settlement services. As General Counsel he is responsible for title examination, commitment and policy review, escrow settlement supervision and regulatory review. - Attorney Profile: https://solomonlawguild.com/william-b-blanchard%2C-esq - Attorney News: https://attorneygazette.com/william-blanchard%2C-esq#40b43d7b-94b2-48d3-b055-1979a636f1e7
William B. Blanchardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02534739678331560264noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8712163583283675416.post-82342085407924970252018-07-14T14:52:00.001-07:002018-07-15T12:09:52.330-07:00Where Plaintiffs obtained $2.6 billion default judgment against Iran real estate in the U.S. under Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act for its involvement in 1983 suicide bombing of United States military barracks in Lebanon, Ninth Circuit raises “immunity from execution” defense sua sponte and affirms dismissal of case<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b>Where Plaintiffs obtained $2.6 billion default judgment
against Iran real estate in the U.S. under Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act for
its involvement in 1983 suicide bombing of United States military barracks in
Lebanon, Ninth Circuit raises “immunity from execution” defense sua sponte and
affirms dismissal of case</b><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal">
In October 1983, a suicide bomber drove a truck loaded with
explosives into the U.S. Marine barracks in Beirut, Lebanon. When he detonated
the explosives, it killed 241 American servicemen and injured many more.
Evidence showed that the bombers had planned and executed the attack with
massive support from the Iranian government.<br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In 2001, representatives of the more than 1,000 victims and
survivors (Plaintiffs) sued Iran in the federal district court for the District
of Columbia. Iran failed to respond, and the district court entered a $2.6
billion default judgment. Plaintiffs then registered the judgment in the
federal district court for the Northern District of California pursuant to 28
U.S.C. Section 1963. In later motions, Plaintiffs identified various shipping
companies that allegedly owed payments to Iran and sought a court order
assigning to Plaintiffs the rights to payment of damages. The first motion
involved the French shipping company CMA CGM which allegedly serves the Iranian
port of Bandar Abbas and thus must be making payments to the Iranian Ports
& Shipping Organization.<br />
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Despite Iran’s failure to appear, the district court sua
sponte raised the issue of Iran’s sovereign immunity. The district court concluded
that the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (FSIA), 28 U.S.C. 1602ff, had
abrogated the immunity of Iranian property in the U.S. Nevertheless, Plaintiffs
had not only failed to identify any such property but also had failed to
properly serve Iran with the assignment motion. </div>
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Plaintiffs duly noted their appeal. The U.S. Court of
Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, however, affirms. It rules that the alleged
payments due to Iran are not “property in the United States” amenable to
attachment. A key issue is whether immunity from execution is jurisdictional or
an affirmative defense that the foreign state must appear and raise.</div>
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The Court first reviews whether the district court can raise
immunity from execution sua sponte. “Few courts have squarely addressed the
question of who may raise the issue of immunity from execution, and those that
have are divided. One district court has held that immunity is an affirmative
defense that can only be asserted by a foreign state defendant. Rubin v.
Islamic Republic of Iran, 436 F.Supp.2d 938, 941 (N.D.Ill. 2006) ... The Fifth
Circuit has disagreed and held that, when a court is asked to attach the
property of a foreign state, it must raise and decide the issue of immunity
from execution on its own initiative. See FG Hemisphere Assocs., LLC v.
Republique du Congo, 455 F.3d 575, 590‑91 (5th Cir. 2006) ... We agree with the
Fifth Circuit and, accordingly, affirm the district court’s order denying the
Plaintiffs’ assignment motion.” [1124].</div>
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“Allowing courts to independently raise and decide the
question of immunity from execution is not only consistent with historical
practice, but also with the purposes underlying the FSIA. A burden‑shifting
approach, unlike one that places the burden on the foreign state to plead and
prove that its property is immune, is appropriately respectful of the ‘perfect
equality and absolute independence of sovereigns, and th[e] common interest
impelling them to mutual intercourse.’ The Schooner Exchange, 11 U.S. at 137, 7
Cranch 116 ... The FSIA was meant to spare foreign states not only from
liability on the merits but also from the cost and inconvenience of trial. See
Foremost‑McKesson, Inc. v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 905 F.2d 438, 443
(D.C.Cir. 1990) (‘[S]overeign immunity is an immunity from trial and the
attendant burdens of litigation, and not just a defense to liability on the
merits.’. Requiring the plaintiff to prove that immunity does not exist, rather
than placing the burden on the defendant foreign state, best accomplishes that
goal.”</div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
“These policy considerations apply more strongly in the
context of immunity from execution. ‘[T]he judicial seizure of the property of
a friendly state may be regarded as an affront to its dignity and may ...
affect our relations with it.’ ... See Philippines v. Pimentel, 553 U.S. 851,
128 S.Ct. 2180, 2190, 171 L.Ed.2d 131 (2008). Congress was aware that, although
the restrictive theory of sovereign immunity from suit had become an accepted
principle of international law by the time of the FSIA’s enactment, ‘the
enforcement of judgments against foreign state property remain [ed] a somewhat
controversial subject.’ H.R.Rep. No. 94‑1487, 1976 U.S.C.C.A.N. at 6626 ...”
“Accordingly, the exceptions to immunity from execution are more narrow than
the exceptions from immunity from suit. Congress fully intended to create
rights without remedies, aware that plaintiffs would often have to rely on
foreign states to voluntarily comply with U.S. court judgments. ... In light of
the special sensitivities implicated by executing against foreign state
property, courts should proceed carefully in enforcement actions against
foreign states and consider the issue of immunity from execution sua sponte.”
[1127‑8]. Here, the Plaintiffs themselves admit that the rights to payment belong
to Iran. Thus, the district court did not err by raising the issue sua sponte.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Court then reviews whether Plaintiffs properly served
notice of the default judgment upon Iran. “It is true that Plaintiffs’ counsel
erred by mailing a copy of the default judgment to the Iranian Foreign Affairs
Minister himself, rather than asking the clerk of the court to mail the papers.
28 U.S.C. § 1608(a)(3). This mistake, however, is not fatal. The Ninth Circuit
has adopted a substantial compliance test for the FSIA’s notice requirements; a
plaintiff’s failure to properly serve a foreign state defendant will not result
in dismissal if the plaintiff substantially complied with the FSIA’s notice
requirements and the defendant had actual notice. ...”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“CGM CMA and the United States go further and argue that
Iran should have been served with the registration of judgment with the
Northern District of California and the subsequent motion for assignment of
Iran’s rights to payment from CMA CGM. Plaintiffs’ counsel did mail their
various assignment motions by regular U.S. mail, apparently without delivery
confirmation, to a variety of high‑level Iranian officials, including the
Minister of Foreign Affairs. These papers do not appear to have been translated
into Farsi.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“The FSIA is quite clear what a plaintiff must serve on a
foreign state before a court may enforce a default judgment against that state:
the default judgment [itself]. Service of post‑judgment motions is not
required. ‘Section 1608 sets forth the exclusive procedures with respect to
service on ... a foreign state.’ ... We may not add to those requirements. ...
If Congress had intended for foreign states to receive notice of every post‑judgment
motion, it would have said so. The district court erred in concluding that it
could not enforce the Plaintiffs’ assignment motion because they had not
complied with FSIA’s service requirements.” [1129‑30]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“ ...[W]e must now decide whether Iran’s rights to payment
from CMA CGM constitute ‘property in the United States.’ 28 U.S.C. § 1610(a).
We hold that they do not and are, therefore, immune from execution. We affirm
the district court’s denial of Plaintiffs’ assignment motion.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“Enforcement proceedings in federal district court are
governed by the law of the state in which the court sits, ‘but a federal
statute governs to the extent that it is applicable.’ Fed. R. Civ. P. 69(a)(1).
The FSIA does not provide methods for the enforcement of judgments against
foreign states, only that those judgments may not be enforced by resort to
immune property. See 28 U.S.C. §§ 1609‑1610. Therefore, California law on the
enforcement of judgments applies to this suit insofar as it does not conflict
with the FSIA. ...”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“California enforcement law authorizes a court to ‘order the
judgment debtor to assign to the judgment creditor ... all or part of a right
to payment due or to become due, whether or not the right is conditioned on
future developments.’ Cal.Civ.Proc. Code § 708.510(a). The FSIA abrogates the
immunity of all Iranian commercial property in the United States. 28 U.S.C. §
1610(a)(7). Therefore, a right to payment belonging to Iran is assignable only
if that right is located in the United States.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“A right to payment is intangible. It is difficult to assign
a location to property that by definition ‘lacks a physical existence.’ ...
‘The situs of intangibles is in truth a legal fiction, but there are times when
justice or convenience requires that a legal situs be ascribed to them.’ ...
This is one of those times. To determine the location of an intangible right to
payment, we must look to California state law. ...”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“In Philippine Export and Foreign Loan Guarantee Corp. v.
Chuidian, 218 Cal.App.3d 1058, 267 Cal.Rptr. 457 (1990), the Court of Appeal of
California ... squarely held that the location of a right to payment—at least
for the purpose of applying section 708.510(a) in a suit against a foreign
state defendant—is the location of the debtor. ... Accordingly, a foreign state
defendant’s rights to payment from third‑party debtors are assignable only if
those ‘debtors [ ] reside in the United States.’ Id. at 481. The Court of
Appeal instructed the trial court to enter an ‘order compelling Philguarantee,’
an agency of the Philippines, ‘to assign to Chuidian all debts owing, or to
become owing, to Philguarantee from individuals or entities located in the
United States.’ Id.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“CMA CGM is a French corporation, therefore the debt
obligation it owes to Iran is located in France. Iran’s rights to payment from
CMA CGM are not ‘property in the United States’ and are immune from execution.
28 U.S.C. Section 1610(a)(7). We affirm the district court’s denial of
Plaintiffs’ motion to assign Iran’s rights to payment from CMA CGM.” [1130‑32].</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Court thus concludes: “The statutory text, structure,
legislative history, and case law suggest that sua sponte consideration is
appropriate and serves the dual goals of the FSIA: [1] affording American
plaintiffs with a means for bringing suit against foreign states and ensuring
that their disputes will not be resolved based on political considerations, and
also [2] demonstrating a proper respect for foreign states and sparing them the
inconvenience of litigation. We affirm the district court order on the basis
that Iran’s rights to payment from CMA CGM are not ‘property in the United
States’ that are amenable to attachment.” [1132]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Dissenter opines that immunity from execution is an
affirmative defense. Neither the history of sovereign immunity nor the purpose
of the FSIA permit or require the Court to raise this issue sua sponte. The
Dissenter would remand to the district court to review whether Iran’s right to
payment was assignable under California law without consideration of the FSIA.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Citation: </b>Peterson v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 627
F.3d 1117 (9th Cir. 2010).</div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
**** Mr. William B. Blanchard (“Bill Blanchard”) is a Real Estate Attorney with offices in St. Charles and Oakbrook Terrace, Illinois. Bill specializes in representing real estate clients for purchases and sales as well as home owner real estate tax assessment appeals. Mr. Blanchard is General Counsel for Gaia Title, Inc. a title insurance agency and settlement services provider. The Company is owned by real estate attorneys who demand exemplary title insurance services and accurate and efficient settlement services. As General Counsel he is responsible for title examination, commitment and policy review, escrow settlement supervision and regulatory review. - Attorney Profile: https://solomonlawguild.com/william-b-blanchard%2C-esq - Attorney News: https://attorneygazette.com/william-blanchard%2C-esq#40b43d7b-94b2-48d3-b055-1979a636f1e7
William B. Blanchardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02534739678331560264noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8712163583283675416.post-47390277107391552752018-07-14T14:51:00.005-07:002018-07-15T12:09:28.687-07:00District of Columbia Circuit remands a suit to district court for further proceedings after considering the appealability of a stay order and the applicability of a writ of mandamus in a case seeking to enforce a London arbitral award against Belize<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b>District of Columbia Circuit remands a suit to district
court for further proceedings after considering the appealability of a stay
order and the applicability of a writ of mandamus in a case seeking to enforce
a London arbitral award against Belize</b><br />
</div>
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Belize is a country slightly smaller than Massachusetts,
formerly British Honduras. It is situated just south of Mexico and north of
Guatemala. In September 2005, the Prime Minister of Belize executed an
accommodation agreement with Belize Telemedia Limited on behalf of the
government of Belize. The agreement allowed Telemedia to acquire property in
order to better accommodate the government’s telecommunications needs. It would
also entitle Telemedia to a tax set‑off, to favorable business tax treatment,
and to exemption from import taxes.<br />
</div>
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According to the agreement, Belize law would govern the
agreement and that if Telemedia were to sue the government of Belize on the
agreement, then the government would irrevocably and unconditionally waive its
sovereign immunity. The agreement also stated that the London Court of
International Arbitration (LCIA) would resolve any contract disputes pursuant
to its rules.</div>
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In February 2008, a new Prime Minister announced that the
agreement was invalid and that he refused to abide by it. Telemedia claimed a breach
of the agreement and, on May 9, 2008, invoked the LCIA arbitration clause. The
Belize government took no part in the proceedings.<br />
</div>
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The tribunal found that the agreement was valid and, in
March 2009, issued a final award against Belize in the amount of $38 million.
The Prime Minister continued to argue that the agreement was invalid and that
the ruling of a foreign arbitral tribunal did not bind his government.
Telemedia assigned the final award to Belize Social Development Limited (BSDL).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
On April 6, 2009, the Attorney General of Belize sued
Telemedia and BSDL in the Belize Supreme Court. The court issued an ex parte
interim injunction prohibiting Telemedia and BSDL from pursuing enforcement of
the final award in any jurisdiction outside of Belize. Telemedia sought to have
the injunction discharged and the final award declared valid and binding on the
government. Instead, the court extended the injunction.</div>
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In November 2009, BSDL petitioned a U.S. district court to
confirm and enforce the final award in accordance with section 207 of the
Federal Arbitration Act (FAA), 9 U.S.C. § 201‑208 (2006). The Government moved
in the alternative to stay or to dismiss the petition. BDSL then moved to
suspend the district court’s scheduling order and for a status conference. The
district court denied BSDL’s motion to suspend and its later motions to
clarify. The court granted Belize’s motion to stay the petition to confirm
pending the outcome of the Belize Supreme Court case. </div>
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BSDL appealed the stay order or, if the order is not yet
final, asks the appellate court to treat it as a petition for a writ of
mandamus. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit
vacates the stay order and remands the case to the district court for further
proceedings. The Court begins by determining whether the lower court’s stay is
a final decision for the purpose of appeal under Section 1291. The Court states
that a stay is not ordinarily a final order; however, there is the “effectively
out of court” doctrine that supports an appeal. The Court states, “The
doctrine’s applicability, however, is limited to cases where the object of the
stay is to require all or an essential part of the federal suit to be litigated
outside of federal court.” [Slip op. 8]. </div>
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“The stay at issue may be sufficiently indefinite as to
require a finding of pressing need, but it is not so indefinite as to
constitute the equivalent of a dismissal under the ‘effectively out of court’
doctrine.” Therefore, the Court holds that the method of appeal BSDL calls for
does not afford it an adequate means of attaining the relief it requests. In
the alternative, BSDL invokes the collateral order doctrine. The Court notes
that it has previously acknowledged the similarities between the requirements
for mandamus and collateral order review. </div>
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“In cases where the claim of appealability is not
insubstantial, the court is mindful of the advantage of limiting the use of
appellate recourse in response to stay orders, yet keeping the door open for
the occasional case reflecting abuse of discretionary authority. Because BSDL
has shown a clear and indisputable right to the issuance of the writ and the
writ is appropriate here, we proceed with the analysis under the mandamus
framework.” [Slip op. 9] </div>
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Next, the Court finds that BSDL has shown a clear and
indisputable right to the issuance of mandamus because the lower court did not
issue its stay on a ground set forth in the Convention on the Recognition and
Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards [opened for signature June 10, 1958, 21
U.S.T. 2517, 330 U.N.T.S. 3 (“New York Convention”)]. The Court notes that the
government of Belize is unable to cite any authority to support the stay. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“The Agreement provides that the LCIA Rules govern
arbitration arising from any dispute over its terms. Because the arbitration
occurred in London and under the arbitral laws of England, the courts of
England are the competent authority with primary jurisdiction over the Final
Award. Absent proceedings for setting aside or suspending the Final Award in
those courts, the Government of Belize can offer no basis on which to conclude
that the stay of BSDL’s petition for enforcement was properly issued under the
FAA and the New York Convention.” [Slip op. 10]</div>
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After evaluating other circuit court opinions on point, the
Court finds that the stay was sufficiently indefinite to require a preliminary
finding of a pressing need. “Therefore the order as issued, staying BSDL’s
petition pending foreign litigation of indefinite duration, exceeded the proper
exercise of discretion by the district court under [Landis v. North American
Co., 299 U.S. 248 (1936)]” [Slip op. 13]</div>
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Lastly, the Court finds that mandamus is appropriate because
the FAA provides a carefully structured scheme for the enforcement of foreign
arbitral awards and represents an emphatic federal policy in favor of arbitral
dispute resolution, which applies with special force in the field of
international commerce. The plain terms of the FAA instruct a district court to
confirm an arbitral award unless it finds one of the grounds for refusal or
deferral of recognition or enforcement in the New York Convention. </div>
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“No such finding supported issuance of the stay here, and
that alone is sufficient to justify mandamus. Moreover, there could not have
been such a finding under Article VI of the Convention, for no ‘application for
the setting aside or suspension of the award’ had been made to a ‘competent
authority’ in England, the ‘country in which’ and ‘under the laws of which
[the] award was made.’” [Slip op. 13] </div>
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“[T]the original jurisdiction vested in the district court
by section 203 of the FAA and the limitations on that authority under section
207 of the FAA defined the district court’s task: to review and grant BSDL’s
petition to confirm the Final Award absent a finding that an enumerated
exception to enforcement specified in the New York Convention applied. The stay
order as issued was not in conformity with federal law and international
commitments, and the indefinite stay, lacking justification by any pressing
need, exceeded the bounds of any inherent authority the district court may have
had to stay proceedings in the interest of judicial economy. Mandamus is
appropriate here to compel the district court to exercise its authority when it
is its duty to do so.” [Slip op. 13‑14]</div>
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The Court concludes, however, that it should remand the case
because it may rightfully assume that the district court will conduct further
proceedings not inconsistent with the opinion.</div>
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The Dissenter would have dismissed the BSDL’s appeal.
“Mandamus for this case is akin to using a chainsaw to carve your holiday
turkey. Indeed, if you ask me which is the more extraordinary ‑ the District
Court’s temporary stay or this Court’s invocation of mandamus jurisdiction
under these circumstances ‑ I would say the latter.” [Slip op. 16]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Citation:</b> Belize Soc. Dev. Ltd. v. Gov’t of Belize,
668 F.3d 724; 394 U.S.App. D.C. 179 (D.C. Cir. 2012).</div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
**** Mr. William B. Blanchard (“Bill Blanchard”) is a Real Estate Attorney with offices in St. Charles and Oakbrook Terrace, Illinois. Bill specializes in representing real estate clients for purchases and sales as well as home owner real estate tax assessment appeals. Mr. Blanchard is General Counsel for Gaia Title, Inc. a title insurance agency and settlement services provider. The Company is owned by real estate attorneys who demand exemplary title insurance services and accurate and efficient settlement services. As General Counsel he is responsible for title examination, commitment and policy review, escrow settlement supervision and regulatory review. - Attorney Profile: https://solomonlawguild.com/william-b-blanchard%2C-esq - Attorney News: https://attorneygazette.com/william-blanchard%2C-esq#40b43d7b-94b2-48d3-b055-1979a636f1e7
William B. Blanchardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02534739678331560264noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8712163583283675416.post-10206132740004910672018-07-14T14:51:00.003-07:002018-07-15T12:09:04.348-07:00U. S. Supreme Court rules that FSIA does not immunize foreign government from lawsuit to declare validity of New York city tax liens on property held by that sovereign to house its lower‑level employees and their families<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b>U. </b><a class="K3JSBVB-dc-a" href="javascript:void(0);" kind="click"> </a><b>S. Supreme Court rules that FSIA does not immunize
foreign government from lawsuit to declare validity of New York city tax liens
on property held by that sovereign to house its lower‑level employees and their
families</b><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
New York law exempts from taxation all real property owned
by a foreign government when that state is using it solely for diplomatic
offices or quarters for ambassadors or ministers plenipotentiary to the United
Nations. For many years, Respondent (New York City) has levied property taxes
against Petitioners (the governments of India and Mongolia) for those parts of
their diplomatic office buildings used to house lower level employees and their
families.<br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Permanent Mission of India to the United Nations
occupies a 26‑floor building in New York City that the Government of India
owns. The Mission uses several floors for diplomatic offices, but about 20
floors contain residential units for employees of the diplomatic mission and
their families. The employees – all of whom are below the rank of Head of
Mission or Ambassador – are Indian citizens who receive housing from the
Mission rent free.<br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Likewise, the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of the People’s
Republic of Mongolia occupies a six‑story building in New York City, which the
Mongolian Government owns. Certain floors of the Ministry Building include
residences for lower level employees of the Ministry and their families.
Petitioners have consistently declined to pay the taxes.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
By operation of state law, the unpaid taxes eventually
transmogrified into tax liens held by the Respondent against the residential
properties. As of February 1, 2003, the Indian Mission owed about $16.4 million
in unpaid property taxes and interest, while the Mongolian Ministry owed about
$2.1 million. On April 2, 2003, Respondent filed suits in the New York state
courts seeking declaratory judgments to establish the validity of these tax
liens; Petitioners removed the cases to federal court pursuant to 28 U.S.C.
Section 1441(d), which provides for such removal by a foreign state or its
instrumentality. There they contended that they were immune under the Foreign
Sovereign Immunities Act of 1976 (FSIA), which is the sole basis for obtaining
jurisdiction over a foreign state in federal court. Argentine Republic v.
Amerada Hess Shipping Corp., 488 U.S. 428, 439.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The District Court disagreed, however, relying on an FSIA
exception to a foreign state’s immunity from federal jurisdiction where “rights
in immovable property situated in the United States are in issue.” 28 U.S. C.
Section 1605(a)(4). Reviewing the District Court’s interlocutory decision under
the “collateral order” doctrine, a unanimous panel of the Second Circuit
affirmed. It held that the “immovable property” exception applied, and thus
stripping the Petitioners’ of their general immunity from District Court
jurisdiction over the Respondent’s civil actions. The U. S. Supreme Court
granted certiorari on the following question: whether the FSIA immunizes a
foreign government from a lawsuit to declare the validity of tax liens on
property held by that sovereign to house its lower‑level employees and their
families. In a 7 to 2 vote, the Supreme Court answers in the negative.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Under the FSIA, a foreign state is presumptively immune from
suit unless a specific statutory exception applies. In assessing the scope of
the immovable property exception, the Court begins with the text of the
statute. Contrary to Petitioners’ claim, Section 1605(a)(4) does not expressly
limit itself to cases in which the specific right at issue is title, ownership,
or possession; nor does it specifically rule out cases where the validity of a
lien is at stake. On the contrary, it focuses more broadly on “rights in”
property.</div>
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At the time of the FSIA’s adoption, Black’s Law Dictionary
at 1072 (1) defined “lien” as a “charge or security or incumbrance upon
property,”, and (2) “incumbrance” as “[a]ny right to, or interest in, land
which may subsist in another to the diminution of its value,” id., at 908. New
York law’s definition of “tax lien” accords with these general definitions. The
practical effects of a lien support the treatment of liens as interests in
property. Since a lien on real property “runs with the land” and is enforceable
against later buyers, a tax lien inhibits a quintessential property ownership
right – the right to convey. Thus, a suit to establish the validity of a tax
lien linguistically involves “rights in immovable property.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Two well‑recognized and related purposes of the FSIA
substantiate the majority’s reading of the text: (1) the modern adoption of the
restrictive view of sovereign immunity and (2) the codification of
international law at the time of the FSIA’s enactment.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“Until the middle of the last century, the United States
followed ‘the classical or virtually absolute theory of sovereign immunity,’
under which ‘a sovereign cannot, without his consent, be made a respondent in
the courts of another sovereign.’ Letter from Jack B. Tate, Acting Legal
Adviser, U.S. Dept. of State, to Acting U.S. Attorney General Phillip B.
Perlman (May 19, 1952) (Tate Letter), reprinted in 26 Dept. of State Bull. 984
(1952), and in Alfred Dunhill of London, Inc. v. Republic of Cuba, 425 U.S.
682, 711 (1976) (App. 2 to opinion of the Court). The Tate Letter announced the
United States’ decision to join the majority of other countries by adopting the
‘restrictive theory’ of sovereign immunity, under which ‘the immunity of the
sovereign is recognized with regard to sovereign or public acts (jure imperii)
of a state, but not with respect to private acts (jure gestionis).’ Id.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“In enacting the FSIA, Congress intended to codify the
restrictive theory’s limitation of immunity to sovereign acts. Republic of
Argentina v. Weltover, Inc., 504 U.S. 607, 612 (1992); Asociacion de
Reclamantes v. United Mexican States, 735 F.2d 1517, 1520, (1984) (Scalia,
J.).”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“As a threshold matter, property ownership is not an
inherently sovereign function. See Schooner Exchange v. McFaddon, 7 Cranch 116,
145 (1812) (‘A prince, by acquiring private property in a foreign country, may
possibly be considered as subjecting that property to the territorial
jurisdiction, he may be considered as so far laying down the prince, and
assuming the character of a private individual’). In addition, the FSIA was
also meant ‘to codify ... the pre‑existing real property exception to sovereign
immunity recognized by international practice.’ Reclamantes, supra, at 1521
(Scalia, J.).”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“Therefore, it is useful to note that international practice
at the time of the FSIA’s enactment also supports the City’s view that these
sovereigns are not immune. The most recent restatement of foreign relations law
at the time of the FSIA’s enactment states that a foreign sovereign’s immunity
does not extend to ‘an action to obtain possession of or establish a property
interest in immovable property located in the territory of the state exercising
jurisdiction.’ Restatement (Second) of Foreign Relations Law of the United
States Section 68(b), p. 205 (1965). As stated above, because an action seeking
the declaration of the validity of a tax lien on property is a suit to
establish an interest in such property, such an action would be allowed under
this rule.” [2356‑57].</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Citation: </b>Permanent Mission of India to the United
Nations v. City of New York, 127 S. Ct. 2352, 75 U.S. L. W. 4433 (Sup. Ct. June
14, 2007).</div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
**** Mr. William B. Blanchard (“Bill Blanchard”) is a Real Estate Attorney with offices in St. Charles and Oakbrook Terrace, Illinois. Bill specializes in representing real estate clients for purchases and sales as well as home owner real estate tax assessment appeals. Mr. Blanchard is General Counsel for Gaia Title, Inc. a title insurance agency and settlement services provider. The Company is owned by real estate attorneys who demand exemplary title insurance services and accurate and efficient settlement services. As General Counsel he is responsible for title examination, commitment and policy review, escrow settlement supervision and regulatory review. - Attorney Profile: https://solomonlawguild.com/william-b-blanchard%2C-esq - Attorney News: https://attorneygazette.com/william-blanchard%2C-esq#40b43d7b-94b2-48d3-b055-1979a636f1e7
William B. Blanchardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02534739678331560264noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8712163583283675416.post-4238769517455840982018-07-14T14:51:00.001-07:002018-07-15T12:08:00.755-07:00The Sixth Circuit affirms a district court’s dismissal of a suit concerning a contract entered into in foreign country for lack of personal jurisdiction in Ohio over the Defendant, a Russian citizen who does own Ohio realty but is rarely there<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
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<b>The Sixth Circuit affirms a district court’s dismissal of
a suit concerning a contract entered into in foreign country for lack of
personal jurisdiction in Ohio over the Defendant, a Russian citizen who does
own Ohio realty but is rarely there</b></div>
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Plaintiff Richard A. Conn contracted with Defendant Vladimir
Zakharov, a Russian citizen, in which Conn would gain a 15% share of a proposed
venture by Zakharov’s company. No sooner had Conn moved to Russia to perform
the agreement, than Zakharov repudiated the contract. Conn then moved back to
the United States.<br />
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As to contacts with the U.S., Zakharov attended graduate
school at Case Western Reserve University in University Heights, Ohio, and
graduated in 2002. Zakharov and his wife own and maintain real estate year
round in Pepper Pike, Ohio which Zakharov spent millions of dollars renovating.
Zakharov also owns several vehicles registered in Ohio, and maintains a bank
account in Ohio, He also spends some time in Ohio each year.<br />
</div>
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After returning from Russia, Conn sued Zakharov in an Ohio
federal court basing jurisdiction on his property ownership. Conn claimed a
breach of contract and sought an judicial accounting to determine what a 15%
share of the Russian venture would have been. Zakharov moved to dismiss the
complaint [1] for lack of personal jurisdiction,[2] forum non conveniens, and
[3] failure to state a viable claim.<br />
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After discovery relating to the personal jurisdiction issue,
the district court granted Zakharov’s motion to dismiss. Finding that Zakharov
was not an Ohio resident, the court ruled that, for lack of sufficient Ohio
contacts, Plaintiff had not properly served him with process. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Plaintiff filed an appeal. The U.S. Court of
Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, however, affirms. It rules that both Ohio state
law and the federal Due Process Clause precluded the district court from
finding personal jurisdiction over Zakharov. </div>
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The Court begins by citing its decision in International
Techs. Consultants v. Euroglas S.A., 107 F.3d 386, 391 (6th Cir. 1997). There
it stated that “[a] federal court sitting in diversity may not exercise
jurisdiction over a Defendant unless courts of the forum state would be
authorized to do so by state law—and any such exercise of jurisdiction must be
compatible with the due process requirements of the United States
Constitution.” [Slip op. 3] </div>
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Due process requires that the parties have sufficient
contacts with the forum state so that it is fair to subject them to
jurisdiction there. The Plaintiff has shown his belief that there is personal
jurisdiction over Defendant by suing him in an Ohio federal court. When
Defendant challenges such jurisdiction, the Plaintiff has to establish specific
facts that personal jurisdiction exists over the non‑resident Defendant by a
preponderance of the evidence. However, where, as is the case here, the
Defendant has moved to dismiss the case under Rule 12(b)(2) for lack of
personal jurisdiction and the district court rules on the motion without an
evidentiary hearing, the Plaintiff need only make a “prima facie” case that
there is personal jurisdiction.</div>
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Reviewing the district court’s dismissal de novo, the Court
of Appeals concludes that the District Court did not have personal jurisdiction
over Zakharov unless [1] Conn proved that jurisdiction was proper under a long‑arm
statute of Ohio and [2] the federal Due Process Clause allowed for
jurisdiction. </div>
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The Court first looks to Ohio state law, which declares that
personal jurisdiction is only available if the long‑arm statute confers
jurisdiction and jurisdiction is proper under the Federal Due Process Clause.
The Court notes that Ohio’s long‑arm statute does not reaches the limits of the
Due Process Clause. Therefore, the Court analyzes Federal Due Process law. </div>
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Ohio law specifies that it will grant personal jurisdiction
over non‑residents if their conduct falls within one of nine listed bases of
jurisdiction. In the Court’s view, Conn failed to allege that his claims arose
out of, or were related to, Zakharov’s activities in Ohio. </div>
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Moreover, federal due process requires that the Defendant
have sufficient minimum contacts with the forum state so that finding personal
jurisdiction does not offend “traditional notions of fair play and substantial
justice.” The Court, therefore limits its analysis to whether Due Process allows
the imposition of general jurisdiction under the facts of this case.</div>
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Next, the Court points out that, because Conn admits that
the suit is not related to any of Zakharov’s contacts with Ohio, Zakharov is
not subject to long‑arm jurisdiction under Ohio’s long arm statute. Conn argued
that Zakharov’s ownership of Ohio property makes him presumptively subject to
the jurisdiction of the Ohio courts. </div>
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The Court of Appeals also notes that Ohio law does not hold
that a person is a “resident” merely because he owns a residence in the state.
“Looking at the facts of this case, we cannot conclude that Zakharov has
demonstrated an intent to be an Ohio resident—that is, the intent to remain
permanently in Ohio. Zakharov travels to Ohio under a tourist or business visa,
which means that he must eventually leave Ohio to return to Russia. The fact
that DiMarco [Prouse, Dash & Crouch, L.L.P. v. DiMarco, 887 N.E.2d 1211,
1213‑16 (Ohio Ct. App. 2008)] traveled to Canada on a tourist visa was
persuasive evidence to the DiMarco court that he had no intent to remain in
Canada permanently; Zakharov’s traveling to Ohio under a tourist visa is
similarly persuasive to us. Furthermore, Zakharov is not registered to vote in
Ohio, does not have an Ohio driver’s license, and has spent an average of only
a few weeks a year in Ohio over the past several years.” [Slip op. 9‑10]</div>
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Conn then argues that Zakharov was personally served in
Ohio, and that this alone confers personal jurisdiction. The Court disagrees
that there was personal service on Zakharov. “Even assuming that [Burnham v.
Superior Court of California, 495 U.S. 604 (1990)] permits jurisdiction based
solely on proper, personal service of process on a Defendant who is present
within the forum state, there could be no jurisdiction here based on such
service.” </div>
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“Conn sent service of process through certified mail to
Zakharov’s Pepper Pike property. His housekeeper received that process when
Zakharov was not in the United States. Sometime later, Zakharov arrived in Ohio
and was given the documents. This is clearly not ‘personal service’ as
envisioned by Ohio law, which requires that personal service of process be
accomplished by the sheriff or bailiff of the jurisdiction, or by a person over
eighteen ‘who has been designated by order of the court.’ OHIO CIV. R. 4.1(B).
And receipt of service of process through certified mail is not sufficient by
itself to convey jurisdiction under Ohio’s long‑arm statute and its
accompanying rule of civil procedure.” [Slip op. 11]</div>
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Lastly, Conn argues that despite the inapplicability of the
long‑arm statute, Zakharov is still subject to jurisdiction under federal
general jurisdiction. The Circuit Court disagrees. “First, as we have
explained, Ohio law does not appear to recognize general jurisdiction over non‑resident
defendants, but instead requires that the court find specific jurisdiction
under one of the bases of jurisdiction listed in Ohio’s long‑arm statute.
Indeed, to hold otherwise would come dangerously close to collapsing Ohio’s two‑part
jurisdictional inquiry into one, an outcome that the Ohio Supreme Court has
repeatedly rejected. We do acknowledge, however, that courts within the Sixth
Circuit have come to inconsistent, and in some cases directly contradictory,
conclusions on whether Ohio law recognizes general jurisdiction, with some
cases holding that it does and other cases explicitly taking the opposite view
or simply holding that Ohio law requires application of the long‑arm statute in
order to find jurisdiction over a non‑resident Defendant.” [Slip op. 12] </div>
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“Second, even if Ohio law does recognize general
jurisdiction over non‑resident defendants, Federal Due Process law does not
allow for general jurisdiction based on Zakharov’s contacts with Ohio. As we
have explained, the Supreme Court distinguishes between general jurisdiction
and specific jurisdiction, either one of which is an adequate basis for
personal jurisdiction under the Due Process Clause.” [Slip op. 13‑14] </div>
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“Even if we did find that Zakharov’s contacts were
sufficient to subject him to the state’s general jurisdiction, we do not
believe that exercising jurisdiction would accord with fair play and
substantial justice. First, the burden on Zakharov to defend this action in
Ohio is heavy because he lives in Russia and would have to travel around the
world to engage in litigation.” [Slip op. 16‑17]</div>
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“Second, Ohio has no interest in this lawsuit—which involves
an alleged agreement that was not negotiated in Ohio, agreed to in Ohio, or
intended to be performed in Ohio—when neither party is a resident or citizen of
Ohio, foreign law will be applied, and no effects from the dispute will be felt
in Ohio.”</div>
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“Finally, although Conn clearly has an interest in bringing
this action in Ohio, he is not foreclosed from bringing the suit in the District
of Columbia—indeed, his counsel agreed at oral argument that this was an
option—and Conn may always bring the lawsuit in a Russian court, which he
admits would have jurisdiction and would hear the case on the merits, even if
the merits appear to be stacked against Conn under Russian law. Therefore, Ohio
is not the only forum where Conn may attempt to gain relief from his alleged
harm.” [Slip op. 17]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Citation:</b> Conn v. Zakharov, 667 F.3d 705 (6th Cir.
2012).</div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
**** Mr. William B. Blanchard (“Bill Blanchard”) is a Real Estate Attorney with offices in St. Charles and Oakbrook Terrace, Illinois. Bill specializes in representing real estate clients for purchases and sales as well as home owner real estate tax assessment appeals. Mr. Blanchard is General Counsel for Gaia Title, Inc. a title insurance agency and settlement services provider. The Company is owned by real estate attorneys who demand exemplary title insurance services and accurate and efficient settlement services. As General Counsel he is responsible for title examination, commitment and policy review, escrow settlement supervision and regulatory review. - Attorney Profile: https://solomonlawguild.com/william-b-blanchard%2C-esq - Attorney News: https://attorneygazette.com/william-blanchard%2C-esq#40b43d7b-94b2-48d3-b055-1979a636f1e7
William B. Blanchardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02534739678331560264noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8712163583283675416.post-91652460577266327992018-07-14T14:50:00.005-07:002018-07-15T12:07:34.178-07:00On petition by bankruptcy Trustee and to assure availability of his assets for creditors, Australian Federal Court grants Mareva injunction regulating widow’s sale of valuable Florida real estate owned by bankrupt former husband at time of his death<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of figures"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope return"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="line number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="page number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "courier"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">On petition by bankruptcy Trustee and to
assure availability of his assets for creditors, Australian Federal Court
grants Mareva injunction regulating widow’s sale of valuable Florida real
estate owned by bankrupt former husband at time of his death</span></b><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Langley
George Hancock died on March 27, 1992, owning several valuable properties in
Australia and one in Orlando, Florida. In May 1995, the Western Australia
Supreme Court granted probate as to the Hancock estate to executors named in
his will. Questions later arose as to whether Hancock had been solvent at the
time of his death. Pursuant to a creditor’s petition filed by Hancock
Prospecting Pty. Ltd. in December 1997, a federal bankruptcy proceeding began.
The Federal Court of Australia ordered the estate to be administered under Part
XI of the Bankruptcy Act 1966 (Cth) and appointed a Mr. Donnelly as Trustee.</span><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The
Trustee alleged that, despite his insolvency, Mr. Hancock had given Mrs.
Rosemarie Porteous (the former Mrs. Rose Hancock) $254,129.71 on October 23,
1991 and that this gift amounted to an act of bankruptcy under the statute. If
true, bankruptcy administration would relate back to that date. As the Court
notes: “[t]his commencement date is significant for the reason, among others,
that under s120 of the Act, gifts made within a period of 5 years prior to the
commencement date are, subject to one exception, void as against the Trustee.
The exception is that a gift made more than two years prior to the commencement
date will not be void as against the Trustee if the transferee proves that the
transferor was solvent at the time of the transfer.” [Slip op. 2-3]</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In
essence, the Trustee was trying to recover under s120 of the Act many gifts of
money Mr. Hancock had allegedly made to Mrs. Porteous during the five years
prior to October 23, 1991 plus interest on these amounts. He alleged also that
Mrs. Porteous used some of these funds to invest in various properties in
Australia as well as one property in Orlando, Florida. On March 15, 2001, the
Trustee moved the Court to issue several injunctive orders to make sure that
these properties or the proceeds from their sales are available to satisfy any
orders issued in favor of the Trustee.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">As
to the United States property, the Trustee sought an order restraining
respondents or their representatives from selling, charging, mortgaging,
encumbering or otherwise disposing of the property located in Seminole County,
Florida (the Orlando property) during the pendency of the bankruptcy
proceedings without giving 21-days written notice to the Trustee. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Moreover,
in the event the Orlando property is sold, the Trustee asked the Court to order
that respondents give not less than 21 days’ written notice to the Trustee
before the settlement date on the sale. In addition, the Trustee requested
that, in the case of a sale of the Orlando property, the Court order the
retention of any proceeds of the sale in a joint bank account in the names of
the Trustee and of the solicitor for the respondents in an amount equal to the
total claims of the Trustee with respect to the Orlando Property plus interest
pursuant to the Federal Court Act. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The
Court first notes that injunctive relief against the parties to a proceeding
focuses on preventing abuse or frustration of the Court’s process. It then
points out that a party seeking a Mareva injunction [see Mareva Compania
Naviera S.A. v. International Bulkcarriers S.A. [1975] 2 Lloyd's Rep. 509;
[1980] 1 All E.R. 213] must show three elements. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The
first element is, that he has a good arguable case or a sufficiently realistic
prospect of success in the proceedings. Secondly, the applicant has to show
that, without such an order, a real risk exists of inability to satisfy a
favorable judgment because a defendant will have hidden or dissipated the
assets in question. The final element demands a showing that the balance of
convenience requires the entry of the requested order.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In
the Court’s view, a vital aspect of a good arguable case here turns on evidence
of Mr. Hancock’s insolvency at time of death. The Trustee alleges that, at this
point, the deceased was unable to repay debts owed to Clough Building Pty.
Ltd., The Hancock Family Memorial Foundation Ltd. and Hancock Mining Ltd. The
trustee attached voluminous documentary evidence about Mrs. Porteous’ finances
and the gifts she got from deceased. Defendants argued that this so-called
“evidence” contains nothing but contested allegations, insufficient to show an
arguable case. The Court, however, disagrees.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The
Court then considers the danger of dissipation of assets based mainly on a
four-day deposition of Mrs. Porteous. At an earlier time, it appears that she
may have intended to bring any assets from the sale of the Orlando Property
back to Australia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“The
impression created by the whole of the transcript, however, is that Mrs
Porteous's life plans are presently rather fluid. The question of her
purchasing a French chateau was discussed along with other plans she has for
her future. While the particular property might be beyond her reach, the
discussion shows that she is not inimical to living overseas. In addition there
is, as counsel for the applicant observed, a certain inconstancy of intention.
In my opinion there is a strong possibility that Mrs Porteous may alter her
plans and deal with the properties in a manner inconsistent with preserving the
assets (or their proceeds) in a form accessible to the Trustee.” [Slip op.
17-18]</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Finally,
the Court decided that, since the parties main dispute was over the amount of
interest due, the balance of convenience favors the granting of the Trustee’s
motion as to the Orlando Property.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The
Court then issues the restraining orders. As to the potential sale of the
Orlando Property, and the advance notice of settlement, the Court grants the
order essentially in the terms requested above. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">With
respect to the joint bank account for the proceeds of the sale, the Court’s
order reads more specifically as follows: “In the event of sale of the Orlando
Property, there shall be retained out of the proceeds of such sale and placed
in a joint bank account in the names of the Applicant [Trustee] and the
solicitor for the Respondents, an amount of $ 1,590,531.54 together with
interest on that amount calculated in accordance with the rates of interest
prescribed under Schedule J of the Supreme Court Rules 1970 (NSW) from 8 April
1999 to the date of settlement of such sale.” [Slip op. 22-23] </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "courier"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Citation: </span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "courier"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Donnelly (Trustee) in matter of bankrupt estate of Hancock
(deceased) v. Porteous, [2001] F.C.A. 345, 2001 Aust. Fed. Ct. Lex. 5 (Aust.
Fed. Ct., New S. Wales, April 2) (Reed Intl. Books, Aust.).</span></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
**** Mr. William B. Blanchard (“Bill Blanchard”) is a Real Estate Attorney with offices in St. Charles and Oakbrook Terrace, Illinois. Bill specializes in representing real estate clients for purchases and sales as well as home owner real estate tax assessment appeals. Mr. Blanchard is General Counsel for Gaia Title, Inc. a title insurance agency and settlement services provider. The Company is owned by real estate attorneys who demand exemplary title insurance services and accurate and efficient settlement services. As General Counsel he is responsible for title examination, commitment and policy review, escrow settlement supervision and regulatory review. - Attorney Profile: https://solomonlawguild.com/william-b-blanchard%2C-esq - Attorney News: https://attorneygazette.com/william-blanchard%2C-esq#40b43d7b-94b2-48d3-b055-1979a636f1e7
William B. Blanchardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02534739678331560264noreply@blogger.com